权洁
摘 要:在小学英语语篇教学中,培养学生的语言能力可以从教学方法入手,如设计情境,寻找生活话题,设计问题链,设计任务,细化语言点以及设计对话等。
关键词:小学英语;语篇教学;语言能力
中图分类号:G623.31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-010X(2013)06-0039-05
在小学英语教学中,语篇教学有不可忽视的作用。利用语篇培养学生的语言能力很有必要。笔者对《牛津小学英语》5A Unit8 A camping trip 第一课时(PartA)的语篇教学,进行了探索,效果不错。
一、情境设计要寻找生活话题,打开学生言语的心门
任何语言都来源于生活,联系生活,应用于生活。因此,课堂导入应精心设计,找到学生喜爱的话题,学生才能大胆地说。
本课导入环节让学生的笔友出现,以一封乡村孩子的来信为契机,以乡村孩子接受邀请,准备来徐州参观的事情为导入,请学生为他们做小导游。在这个基础上,引出话题,让学生自由地说“Where can we take our friends to visit in Xu Zhou?”学生会说出许多徐州的地名,包括吃喝玩乐等等。在这些贴近学生生活的话题中,他们很容易找到语言点与发挥点。然后,在他们交流的基础上,教师播放图片(徐州新十景)“There are a lot of changes in Xu Zhou recently. Xu Zhou becomes more beautiful. Lets go camping in Xu Zhou.”“让我们带着我们的朋友在徐州野营”。从而引出课题, 为下面的教学做好铺垫。
二、问题设计要巧用问题链,激发学生言语的思维
课堂教学就是问题教学,整个课堂就是围绕若干个问题来完成教学的过程。优秀的课堂教学往往呈现的是“问题链”,不断地去激发学生的思维,不断引发学生相关联的思考,展开学习活动。笔者在语篇教学中做了这样的尝试:让学生自己对语篇提问,教师在学生提问的基础上将问题分类整合、串联,形成“问题链”,让学生去发现问题,然后去解决问题,提高他们的自主学习能力。这样的教学可锻炼学生说的能力,教给学生的是学习的方法,培养的是学习的能力,让学生越来越聪明。
下面是学生的提问: T: Look, our friends are camping . Can you ask some questions?(教师要求学生看课文图片,自由提问,然后根据学生的提问,整合、串联出一个完整的语篇教学的“问题链”。)
Ss:1.Who are they?
2.Where are they?
3.What are they doing?
4.What do they need?
5.When will they go there?
6.How do they go there?
7.Why do they go camping?
教师按照文本脉络板书这些问题,没有预设的生成,更能体现教学环节的真实以及以学生为主体的教学理念。另外,为了培养学生学习的兴趣与积极性,可将这几个问题,设计成一个竞赛场景,问题作为一个个阶梯,完成问题就可以登上山顶野营了。
通过自由提问,引出英语语篇教学中的四个以Wh—开头的问题。(时间、地点、人物,事件)When,Where,Who, What,将语篇教学的脉络清晰呈现。在鼓励学生大胆提问的基础上,有的学生还会提出how,Why,(怎样,如何,为什么)等更深入的问题。对语篇有了更深入的思考,思维的发散与拓展在语言中显现。
三、任务设计要细化语言点,训练自主学习的能力
《英语课程标准》倡导“任务型”的教学途径,培养学生对语言的综合运用能力。指出教师应依据课程的总体目标并结合教学内容,创造性地设计贴近学生实际的教学活动,吸引和组织他们的积极参与。学生通过思考、讨论、交流和合作等方式,学习和使用英语,完成学习任务。
上一个环节的“问题链”就成了我们对整个语篇的主要教学思路。在提出这些问题,学生整体了解教材后,再具体深入教材,细化知识点,像语文语篇教学一样,由总到分,逐段分析、感悟教材。以问题导入,采用任务型教学,加入学法的指导,循序渐进地将语言点呈现,真正让学生自主学习。
任务一:解决问题链中的前三个问题(When,Where,Who)
Task1: Listen to the first paragraph, answer the questions.
Tip1: Read the introduction quickly, answer these questions.
(学法指导: 听读,快速浏览引言回答问题)
出示课文第一段引言部分,解决三个问题
1.Who are they?
The children and their teacher.
讲解“children—child”
Children=boys and girls Child=a boy or a girl
2.Where are they?
They are on the hill. They are at a camping site.
at a camping site在野营营地
at home , at a Music lesson
in the playgroud, in the classroom
3.What are they doing?
They are showing their things to each other.
讲解”Show… to\ show”
Show …to each other. 互相展示
e.g:We are showing our photos to each other
任务二:解决第4个问题——“What do they need?”
Task2: Watch a cartoon——“What do they need?”
Tip2: Read the text and circle and fill in the blankets.
(学法指导: 听读课文,圈出人物所拥有的物品, 填上表格。)
自填表格,贴一贴:
T: You can fill in your working paper, put the things in the right place.(黑板上出示人物头像,让学生根据任务去找物品,张贴在黑板上。)
根据发音规律,自学单词:
1 pen ten foot
tent 帐篷
2 dog hot lot box → pot 锅
3 pumpkin worker
tin-opener 开罐器
4 lantern jacket
blanket 毯子
5 student open love
Stove 炉子
6 telephone see cope
telescope 望远镜
7 a tin of chicken\fish
a tin of 一罐……,一听……
e.g: a box of …
a bar of…
a pair of…
a cup\glass of…
…
(make phrases like this…)
任务三:学习语言的技巧。
听读课文—Listen and read the text ,learn how to make dialogue
Tip4: Listen and read the text,
(听读课文,画出文中问与答的句子。)
How to ask?
1.What do you \they have?
2.What does he \she have?
How to answer?
1. I\We\They have…
2. He\she has…
Make dialogues in groups:
1.What do you \They have?
I \we \They have…
2.What does he \she have?
He \ she has…
e.g: A: I have a …
B: You have…
C: What does he\she have?
D: He\she has…
…
watch and fill in :
e.g: Liu Tao has a tent.
…
在以上三个任务教学中,凸显的是对学生解决问题的方法的指导与学习能力的培养。任务一通过问题的导入,包括时间、地点、任务、事件,将课文前言部分清晰地呈现。任务二有两个步骤,首先利用表格的引导,加上学法的指导,学生掌握了语篇的主要脉络,条理清晰,一目了然;其次是根据发音规律,自学单词。在这个任务教学中,学生学会了对知识点的归纳与总结,把书读薄,学会抓住重点。任务三是对句型构成规律的发现、总结、归纳和运用。在这个任务型教学环节中,给了学生更多的自主去自己发现,发现单词的结构,发现句型的结构,提升学生自学语言点的能力。智慧的课堂应该放手,应该教给学生学习的方法,进而提升学生学习的能力。
四、对话设计,总结性阅读,提高口语表达的能力
1.Read and act the dialogue —跟读课文,表演对话.
2.Read and fill in the blankets —读课文,填空。
(Read one by one, read togrther)
The _______ and their teachers are now near the _____.They are at a camping site. They are _______ their things to each other. ______ has a big tent. David has a ____. Nancy ____ a chair and a tent. She is sitting near her tent. Helen has a tin of chicken and a tin of ___. ________ has a tin-opener. Mike has a pot and a stove. ______________ have two blankets and a telescope. Miss Li and Mr Green ____ a box of chocolates and some fruit.
[hill, Liu Tao, Su Hai and Su Yang, Yang Ling, children, chair, fish, showing ,have ,has]
3.Retell the text
T: Now ,we know a lot about this camping trip . Can you say something about this camping trip? Look at the blackboard ,talk with your parnters.
这个环节的设计是在问题全部解决的基础上再回到课文,整体把握教材。在这个环节中设计了三个梯度,适合不同层次的学生来掌握教材,三个环节循序渐进,由易到难,让学生逐步掌握。第一个梯度,跟读语篇可以培养学生良好的语感,提高口语表达能力。在熟读语篇的基础上进行课文表演,这有利于学生在模拟的情景中加深感悟;第二个梯度,让学生口头复述听力材料,其目的在于培养学生的初步交际能力,训练口头表达能力;第三个梯度,采用叙述的方式复述课文,这是训练学生语言表达的更高要求,既是语言知识向口语表达能力转化的有效途径,也是学生提高口语表达能力的好方法。它既有助于知识的掌握,又有助于口语能力的提高。它既有较强的综合性,又有一定的创造性,使学生在复述课文过程中得到全面的锻炼。分角色读对话,表演对话,复述课文是学生语言能力的展示。
五、留白设计,跳出文本,培养学生的发散思维
对于语篇中找不到答案的问题,要留一点时间让他们思考,引发学生反思,这个“空白”要主动给学生留下来,这就是“留白设计”,让学生去反思,去总结,去发现规律。学生自己寻找到的,比老师告知的要牢固、要管用。在学生的提问中,解决了4个Wh-(when\where\who\what)问题后,有三个问题是课文中找不到现成答案的问题when,how,why(时间、如何,为什么的问题),需要学生利用所掌握的语言能力,自己总结。学生要跳出文本,发散思维。在教学环节中,我做了大胆的实践,学生的回答与表现让人称赞。
1.When do they go there?
2.How do they go there?
3.Why do they go there?
分别解决问题,让学生自由回答:
1.When do they go there?
S1:Maybe on Saturdays.
S2:Maybe on Sundays.
S3:Maybe on Holidays.
S4:Maybe in Summer Holiday.
S5:Maybe in Winter Holiday.
S6:Maybe at the weekends.
S7:Anytime we like.
2.How do they go there?
S1:By bus. S2:By bike. S3:By taxi.
S4:By train. S5:By metro S6:On foot.
3.Why do they go camping?
S1: 欣赏美景 They can enjoy the beautiful scenery
S2:增进友谊 They can promote friendship
S3:学会分享 They can learn to share
S4:独立生活 They can live by themselves
S5:锻炼身体 Physical exercise
S6:爱我家乡 They can love their hometown,
We can love our hometown.
六、情感设计,放飞思维, 提升学生语言的潜能
语篇教学要发掘教材的感情,在情感的共鸣中,让学生大胆、由心而发真正放飞思维。由于笔者从中年级起就在课前5分钟让学生按照语篇创作对话表演活动,一直坚持,两年来,学生创作出许多作品,日积月累,慢慢提高了学生对语言的运用能力和合作、表演与创作的能力。所以,我在这里安排一个教学环节——以情导入,小组表演活动,寻找情感的共鸣,真正发掘学生的语言潜能,他们依靠语篇,发掘语篇,充分自由地发展语言能力。
T:Oh, we have finished the six questions and climb on the hill.
Would you like to go camping on the hill?
“Lets go camping!”欢呼声,播放野营图片。(本环节呼应前面设计的登山的问题,完成“问题链”,登上山顶野营)。
T:How funny the camping is !But when we go camping, enjoy our life, the children in the Moutain Area have never enjoyed camping.
What about their life? Look!
(观看乡村孩子生活学习环境,在与我们的生活对比中引起同情心。)
小组表演活动Practises
“My dear friend, What can I do for you?” Discuss in groups, what can we do for the students of the mountain area?
(“我亲爱的朋友,我能为你做些什么?!”小组内讨论,创作小剧或自由发言,我们可以为山区的孩子做些什么?)
学生创作小剧表演展示:
(一)夏天野营
I would like to invite my friend to go camping in Yun Long Lake. This summer holiday, my parents, my friend and I will go there by car.
I have a door and a kite. My father has a pot and a stove. My mother has a tent. My friend has a walkman and a yo-yo, we can listen to the music and play with a yo-yo. We can play with water. We can swim. We can fly a kite. We can sleep on the grass.
How funny the camping is!
(二)冬天野营
I like skating and skiing.
So, I will go camping with my parents and friends this winter holiday.
We will go to Harbin. Its very cold there. I have a big coat, a warm sweater. I need a hat, a scarf and a pair of gloves. We can go skating and go skiing in the ski field . Let the friends enjoy the warmth of home.
(三)小组合作表演——“亲爱的朋友,我能帮助你们”
A:Hello. What can we do for the students? What do you have? …
B: We have lots of toys . I have two pandas, they are white and black. They are fat and lovely! My brother has an elephant. It has a long nose, big ears. a beautiful doll. It has yellow hair, big eyes and red dress. Its very beautiful.
I want to go to their school,and give them these toys . I hope they will have colourful childhood. They need books, toys, clothes and stationaries.
Lets show our love!
I can incourage them : To study hard, to change your life!
What does she have?
C: She has some stationaries. She has a new pencil-case. She has some pencils ,some rubbers. She has a big school bag. She has lots of books .
We hope they will love our books.
(四)A Letter——一封回信
Lets go camping!
Dear Children:
Hello!
Im Huang Jingqi , Im from Gu Lou Primary School. My hometown Xu Zhou has lots of changes. It becomes more beautiful and cleaner. I believe your school is better now.
Welcome to Xu Zhou, if you can come here , Id like to make a camping plane for you and your classmates. We can go to Jiu Long Lake with a big bag, some water ,some food ,two tents, some chairs and some things for cooking.
The first day, we can catch fish with your bucket. Thats interesting! The fish are very little and clever, thats funny!
The second day ,we can walk in the park and look at all the things, you can see a lot of good things: a clear lake, some animals ,some grass and flowers… They are all beautiful! Lets wait and see.
The third day, we can make a camping party, we can sing, dance, cook, swim, play football, listen to the music, draw and so on. And all the nights, we can live in two big tents, one is for the boys, the other one is for the girls, ok?
Isnt it happy? Well, come here please, You will be very joyful!Come on, dear! Come and play with us!
Huang Jingqi
Nov. 13th.2012
最后一个拓展环节,通过小组讨论活动,你如何来帮助乡村的孩子“ My dear friend, What can we do for you?”——利用这个帮助活动来唤醒学生的共鸣,达到情感的升华。最后一次语言的交流——把展现语言的自主权全部交给学生,他们依托语篇,超越语篇,在小组活动中,自编自创小剧,大胆发挥想象力,采用形式多样的方式来交流。学生对语言的应用能力大大提高,真正体现英语教学的听说读写,尤其是最后一个学生,自创了一幅画,还写了一封E-Mail,真情流露,感人至深。这也是我校本学期举行“今天我来当小老师——培养学生语言能力”的一个成果展示,是发展学生语言能力的一项课外活动。学生的语言能力在这里得到大大提高与升华。
从小学英语课程的目标来看,语篇教学的目标并不单一,它可以看成是一个由不同维度的小目标交织在一起而形成的“复合体”。按课程标准的说明,小学英语语篇教学的目标至少包括:知识学习层面、技能训练层面、策略培养层面、智能开发层面、情感熏陶层面和文化意识层面。总之,语篇教学有不可忽视的作用,教师要善于捕捉训练的机会,多学习,多实践,使我们的教学策略和方法不断完善,不断提高学生的英语语言能力。我们由衷地希望通过英语语篇教学来引导学生学习和运用语言知识,提高语言技能,获取所需信息,了解多元文化,享受阅读过程,开启人生智慧并发展独立人格。