“思维定式”类易错题解题技巧

山东

所谓“思维定式”(Thinking Set/Mind Set)是指人们在处理问题时受已有的知识、经验或规则的影响，在处理类似问题时所表现出的一种习惯性思维倾向（心理学上称之为“首位效应”）。思维定式是把“双刃剑”：一方面有益于考生运用所学知识举一反三，触类旁通，顺利解决问题；另一方面会使考生套用已形成的惯性思维，对“似是而非，貌合神离”的问题犹豫不决而导致错误抉择。高考命题者就是抓住考生的这一“软肋”设题，致使考生频频上当。考生只要掌握以下技巧，即可化解窘境，成功将考题突破！

技巧一：句子成分分析法

1.易错典题

(1)____ (face)with such a difficult problem, she still tried to make it at last.

(2)Which do you enjoy ____ (spend)your summer vacation, traveling or doing some reading?

(3)Children’s Day the children are looking forward to____ (come)soon.

2.答案及解析

第1题答案是Faced。考生容易误解为现在分词词组作状语而误填Facing。该从句可还原为Though she was faced with such a difficult problem，考查让步状语从句的省略用法。第2题答案是to spend。考生容易受enjoy doing sth.用法的影响而误填spending，分析句子结构及成分可知，enjoy的逻辑宾语是which，to spend作目的状语。第3题答案是is coming，考生容易受look forward to doing sth.影响，而误填coming。the children are looking forward to在此是个定语从句，修饰先行词Children’s Day，引导词that/which（在从句中作宾语）已省略。 此外，表示位置转移的动词（短语）：go, come, leave, arrive, stay, return, take off, start等常用现在进行时表示将来。

3.解题技巧

命题者在设题时故意将考查内容进行了调整和改变，在设计时运用“句子成分误导”的方式增加迷惑度及考点定位难度，深层次考查考生的语法灵活运用能力及识辨能力。解题时考生不要急于作答，要从句子成分、句子结构等角度分析命题人的设题意图（尤其注意固定短语、结构的用法与区别），在理解好句子结构及成分的基础上逐步分析突破。

技巧二：句型识辨法

1.易错典题

(1)It was twelve o’clock last night ____ the earthquake happened.

(2)It was at twelve o’clock last night ____the earthquake happened.

(3)It is almost eight years _____ he abandoned himself to reading net literature.

2.答案及解析

第1题答案是when。考生容易认为是强调句而误填that。实际上，it在此指“时间”，when引导时间状语从句。第2题答案是that。本题考查的是it的强调句型用法，强调的是时间状语two o’clock last night。突破上述两题的关键在于介词“at”，有“at”时，twelve o’clock last night为时间状语；无“at”时，twelve o’clock last night为时间词组作表语。第3题答案是since。考生容易误填before（若填before, 主句时态错误）。本题考查的是“It is/has been+一段时间词组+since-clause”句型用法。

3.解题技巧

对于相似句型或结构类考题，考生不要急于作答，应先通览题干和选项，结合句意揣度命题者的考查意图和主旨，初步缩小考点的定位范围，回想该句型的标志词、时态、结构特征等，然后根据该句型的特殊性（如时态）对号入座，逐步推断答案。

技巧三：语序还原法

1.易错典题

(1)We must do everything we can_____ (save)our earth.

(2)Who do you suggest _____ (send)to finish the task of our group?

(3)The old town has narrow streets and small houses____ are built close to each other.

2.答案及解析

第1题答案是to save。考生容易受“情态动词后接动词原形”规则影响而误填save。该题可还原为“We must do everything we can do to save our earth.”，to save 在 此作目的状语。当主句谓语动词是do的某种形式，且定语从句的谓语动词也是do的某种形式时，从句中的do可以省略掉，这样使得句子结构紧凑、简洁而含蓄。但是，若主、从句的谓语动词不一样，则禁止这样用。如：He gave away all his money he had to save the poor old man.他把所有的钱都捐出来拯救这位贫穷的老人。had在此不可省略，因为它与主句的谓语动词（gave away）不一样。第2题答案是be sent。考生容易受suggest doing sth.词组用法的影响而误填sending。本题考查的是双重疑问句用法。题干可还原为Do you suggest who (should)be sent to finish the task of our group? 第3题答案是that/which。考生容易误填where。分析句子成分及结构可知，narrow streets and small houses逻辑上在定语从句中作主语。

3.解题技巧

对于句型类、句式类、语序类的考题，采用“还原法”可以化难为易，提高正确率。解答此类考题有7种“还原法”：（1）将疑问句还原为陈述句；（2）将倒装语序还原为陈述语序；（3）将it句型结构还原，然后根据句意及句子结构特征分析、辨别、定位所考句型；（4）将省略句还原为完整句；（5）将定语从句中的省略成分还原，然后判断其逻辑上在定语从句中作何成分；（6）将分隔成分“剔除”，然后分析其他句子成分之间的结构关系；（7）主动句改为被动句，分析主、谓语之间的主、被动关系。考生还原题干后，再根据句子结构及句意逐步定位考点，锁定答案。

技巧四：句意还原法

1.易错典题

(1)The league clerk and monitor ____ (be)asked to make a speech at the meeting last week.

(2)Qingdao is ____ most beautiful city and I want to pay____ second visit to it next year.

2.答案及解析

第1题答案是was。考生容易受主语数的表面信息影响而误填were。在英语中，当两个头衔或职位集某人于一身时仅指一个人，且作主语时，谓语动词用单数。此时，后一个头衔或职位名词前不加冠词，一旦加了冠词，则指代两个人，谓语动词须用复数形式。第2题答案是a;a。考生容易受形容词最高级用法规则及序数词用法规则影响而误填the;the。由于本题中没有使用最高级时的比较范围词组，因此第1个设空处不能用the，a most beautiful city意为“一座非常美丽的城市”。第2个设空处考查的是序数词表示“再一，又一”的用法，此时，须用不定冠词a/an，而不用the。

3.解题技巧

多数考生误答这类高考英语题是由于其对句意把握得不到位。该类题目大多句子结构复杂，考生面临的最大问题是难以确定考点；其次，由于考点不明，致使题干的句意也难以理顺。因此，在不易确定考点的情况下，考生可以结合题干和选项先尝试从整体上理解还原句子的本意，在句意大致明了的前提下，再定位所考的是何种句型、句子结构或词组，逐步揭开“庐山真面目”，锁定答案。

技巧五：归纳总结法

1.易错典题

(1)（改错题）No one only can depend others to be successful.

(2)（改错题）While I entered into the kitchen, my mother was making my birthday cake.

2.答案及解析

第1题答案是在depend 后加on。depend 作“依赖于，依靠”解时常用作不及物动词，习惯上与on连用，再接宾语。第2题答案是删掉into。enter作“进入……”解时是个及物动词，故将into删掉。

3.解题技巧

考生对语法学习中的特殊、重点现象要学会归纳总结（如：建立错题集），专门记忆。这样有益于条分缕析、厘清思路、关注难点。譬如，容易误用作及物动词的不及物动词如deal, depend, insist, knock, participate, operate,refer, rely等，其后通常接相对应的介词后，再接宾语。容易误用作不及物动词的及物动词有serve, marry, discuss,mention, enter, contact, equal, ring等。当然，少数兼类词（既可用作及物动词又可用作不及物动词）含义有别，要特别关注。如：The two old men entered into a long conversation.两位老人开始长谈起来。enter 作不及物动词，意为“开始进入某种状态或活动”，用于较抽象的概念。

要想成功突破该类难题，精准掌握句意是根本，厘清句子结构是关键，分析句子成分是基础，关注特殊用法是要点。学生平时学习语法时要善于归纳总结，对特殊用法、特殊考题、设计巧妙的习题要做好分类记录。多看、多练、多思，才能成功突破语法难题。

以下是精选、改编的典型习题，一显身手吧！

【巩固练习】

请用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空或填入合适的单词。

1.You can’t imagine what a great difficulty I had ____(solve)the problem at last.

2.— Have you seen the movie Hello Mr.Billionaire（西虹市首富）?

— Of course, I have.It was in our village ____ it was made.

3.I, together with my wife and son, ____ (be)going to pay a visit to the Great Wall during the vacation of National Day this autumn.

4.He wrote a letter _____ he explained what he knew about the car accident that happened last week.

5.It was the middle of the night _____ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.（2014 年江西卷单项填空35改编）

6.My friend showed me round the town, ____ was very kind of him.

7.He was the only one of the boys who _____ (be)on behalf of our school to attend the conference.

8.In order not to be disturbed, the writer spent two weeks____ (lock)in his studio, writing his new novel.

9.Jack is ____ good a student _____ is liked by all his teachers.

10.They were puzzled about the reason ____ resulted in the serious trains crack accident.

11.—Have you ever visited the Opera House?

—Yes, when I was in Sydney, I ____ (visit)it twice.

12.With a lot of difficult problems ____ (solve), the new headmaster felt stressed out all the time.

13.____ (face)such a difficult situation, he still did everything he could to make it.

14.The idea ____ he came up with at the meeting sounded reasonable.

15.My studying dream is to do what I can _____ (be)a top student.

16.Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy____ (save).

17.Little Tom sat _____ (amaze)watching the monkey dancing in front of him.（2015年四川卷单项填空9改编）

【参考答案】

1.solving 2.that 3.am 4.where 5.when 6.which 7.was 8.locked 9.so;as 10.that/which 11.visited 12.to solve 13.Facing 14.that/which/不填 15.to be 16.would have been saved 17.amazed