概要写作题型解题困难分析及应对策略探究

浙江

浙江省新高考英语试卷的最大亮点是出现了两种不同类型的书面表达，即概要写作和读后续写。不同于常为记叙文的读后续写，概要写作则以说明文体或议论文体为主，侧重考查学生的概括能力和语言组织能力。要求考生在语言内容的精炼性、语言知识的准确性以及高级性和篇章结构的衔接性三方面做到完美有机的统一，从而体现考生的大局控制能力、信息浓缩能力和创新表达能力。笔者着力从解题困难分析和应对策略探究两个角度入手破解概要写作这一题型，希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用，引起大家的共同思考。

一、概要写作题型解题困难分析

概要写作作为一种侧重于考查逻辑的写作题型，所选篇章往往比较生僻和抽象，请看下面一篇讲述有关最近中国流行的“共享单车”的说明文：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.Just by scanning the QR code（二维码）that appears behind the seat,one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished,the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

在分析本篇文章时，学生们存在的最大困难是无法理解整篇文章的脉络体系，不知道整篇文章的主题所在，被文章曲曲折折的表达内容所迷惑，在形成自己的思路时只能东拼西凑，不能突出重点，典型的缺陷篇章呈现如下：

The process of bike-sharing lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny, so many people like it.(要点一)It can also protect the environment and reduce the traffic.(要点二)It also has some problems.(要点三)Beijing has begun a campaign to promote this practice and it will be successful soon.(要点四)(51 words)

上文没有任何语言上的错误，内容上也紧紧扣住了上面篇章的内容，但是主题上没有突出重点，把一些无关紧要的信息写了出来，而对一些重点的内容却忽略不提，所以很难取得高分，笔者在判分时给本文打了10分（满分25分），属于中下档次。

第二种常见的学生在解答这种题型时所面临的困难是虽然抓住了整篇文章的中心思想，但是在处理时没有平衡布局，只是着重讲述某一方面的内容，使文章结构显得非常不合理，没有反映出作者的真正意图。

具体到本篇文章，有些学生在写共享单车的优点上花了很多笔墨，但是限于字数，对于其他内容，如共享单车的流行、共享单车的弊端和共享单车的推广等方面则一点也没有提到，也是犯了结构不合理的错误。

还有一种困难是一些基础知识非常薄弱的学生，对于字词理解方面存在着很大的困难，例如对于第三段第一句Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.中的dust一词，不少学生误认为这里dust就是“灰尘”的意思，所以在写文章时出现了“If there are too many sharing bikes, the air will be polluted.” 和“However, a lot of dust will appear with the popularity of sharing bikes.” 等句子。实际上，这里的dust属于比喻的写作手法，这里表示“problems” 的意思。除了词汇方面的问题之外，学生们在句型理解上也存在着不少困难，不能够正确地掌握定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调句和倒装句等长难句的使用，凡此种种都构成了概要写作的困难。

二、概要写作题型应对策略探究

针对上面所谈到的概要写作解题所面临的困难，笔者建议从细处入手，从逻辑角度层层推进，从定性—抠词—组句—成文4个具体步骤入手，克服学生存在的解答此类题型的种种困难，使他们能够取得满意的分数。

1.定性

对于篇章内容，我们可以使用粗体（指代褒义）、正常（指代中性）、斜体（指代贬义）3种不同的形式确定不同段落、不同句子所表达的不同意思，从而概括、确定整篇文章所包含的中心大意，我们不妨再以刚才那篇共享单车的文章为例来说明这个问题：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.Just by scanning the QR code （二维码）that appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished, the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

从上文可以看出第一段是中性为主，褒义为辅。第二段文字则通段褒义，第三段文字是通段贬义，而第四段文字前面以中性为主，最后以褒义收官。从整体上来说，整篇文章还是褒义居多，中性辅之，整体上看来是一个正能量十足的篇章。

2.抠词

确定好性质之后，接下来要考虑的问题是抠出每段文字中的关键词，把这些重点词划出来，而且要着重强调。每段的关键词实际上就是概要写作的骨架，每一个要点都应该围绕着这些关键词展开，所以在确定的时候必须要慎之又慎，否则最后的行文很容易偏离轨道，取轻而舍重。

我们再回到刚才提到的共享单车的那篇说明文，抠出以下关键词：

China’s bike-sharing has exploded from nothing about a year ago into a transport phenomenon in major cities.

Just by scanning the QR code （二维码）that appears behind the seat, one can unlock a shared bicycle.Once the service has finished, the user blocks the bike and the total is charged to his mobile account.The process lasts less than 30 seconds and costs no more than one penny.By the way, there are still no fixed places to find or leave a bike, although areas such as university campus, and metro or bus station are preferred.

Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome combination of technology and tradition.

Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt of the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have emerged.It is due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.

In Xi Luoyuan, Beijing, the“Civilized Use of Bicycles”campaign has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luoyuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.

阅读完上面一篇文章后，主题词语呼之欲出：

1.Popularity（要点一）

2.Advantages (brief details)（要点二）

3.Problems (brief details)（要点三）

4.Extension (condition)（要点四）

3.组句

根据每一段抠出来的不同性质的关键词，我们可以结合文章的具体语境，使用自己的语言组成一句符合逻辑、语言正确和高级的句子，对于上面一篇文章，笔者就每一个要点都提供语义相同但是表达方式不一样的两个句子,以便相互对照:

要点一：

表达方式 1: China’s shared bicycles are gaining increasing popularity with the public as a cheap and convenient transport option.

表达方式 2: China’s shared bicycles are becoming more and more popular with the public thanks to its low cost and great convenience.

要点二：

表达方式 1: Bike-sharing helps people enjoy an environment friendly life by relieving traffic and reducing pollution.

表达方式 2: The advantage of bike-sharing is that it can lessen the pressure of traffic as well as building up good environment.

要点三：

表达方式1: The bad behavior of some users and the mess they cause also lead to some problems.

表达方式2: There is no denying that some problems with it also arise because of the casual behaviors of users and the mess caused by them.

要点四：

表达方式1: Beijing has launched a campaign to regulate bike-parking, which will hopefully set a good example to the rest of China.

表达方式 2: Nevertheless, this practice will be promoted to other places in China as long as it is tested wonderfully in Beijing.

4.成文

在组句之后，临门一脚是必须把所有句子串成一篇前后连贯、表达自然的文章，注意在成文时必不可少的是连接词（包括连词和副词）的使用，如果要表示并列关系，我们往往使用besides, in addition, additionally, what’s more等；如果要表示转折关系，我们可以使用however, on the contrary, on the other hand等；如果要表示总结关系，我们则应该用all in all, to sum up, in a word, in summary等。连词可以使文章行文更加符合逻辑、更加连贯。

对于上面一篇文章，我们可以概要写作成文两篇：

范文一 : China’s shared bicycles are gaining increasing popularity with the public as a cheap and convenient transport option.Bike-sharing helps people enjoy an environment friendly life by relieving traffic and reducing pollution.However, the bad behavior of some users and the mess they cause also lead to some problems.Beijing has launched a campaign to regulate bike-parking, which will hopefully set a good example to the rest of China.(68 words)

范文二 : China’s shared bicycles are becoming more and more popular with the public thanks to its low cost and great convenience.The advantage of bike-sharing is that it can lessen the pressure of traffic as well as building up good environment.But there is no denying that some problems with it also arise because of the casual behaviors of users and the mess caused by them.Nevertheless, this practice will be promoted to other places in China as long as it is tested wonderfully in Beijing.(85 words)

概要写作作为浙江省高考新题型，肯定会给考生带来不少解题上的困难，但是如果学生能够遵循“定性—抠词—组句—成文”四部曲法，一定能够轻松攻克概要写作这一堡垒，取得高考的胜利。