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短文改错一直是高考得分率较低的一道题目,本文以2013—2018年全国卷高考真题为依据,从考点分析的角度总结短文改错题的考查方向,提出备考建议。
《考试说明》指出:“本题给出一篇约100个单词的短文,文中有10处错误,错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。要求考生对每个句子进行判断,如有错即将其改正。主要考查考生的书面表达能力。”
根据这个表述,我们可以看出短文改错题名为改错,实则检测考生的写作能力。题材常取自考生的作品或与考生写作水平相当的文章,话题比较生活化。命题涉及词法、句法、语篇结构与行文逻辑等。
1.动词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷 Ⅰ】My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.
②【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity;others were nervous and anxious.
③ 【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
④【2015·全国卷Ⅰ】Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
【解析】①将sell改为selling。本题的错误是混用非谓语动词和谓语动词。②在take前加to。本题的错误是缺少不定式小品词to。③将goes改为went。本题的错误是时态不一致。④删除been。本题的错误是错用主动语态和被动语态。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注动词考点的以下错误类型:①情态动词后没接动词原形。②主谓不一致。③虚拟语气、情态动词的错用。④谓语动词的缺失,尤其是be动词。
2.名词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
②【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up!”“Slow down!”“Turn left!”
③【2015·全国卷Ⅰ】The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.
【解析】①将Friday’s改为Friday。本题的错误是错用名词的所有格。②将word改为words。本题的错误是错用可数名词单复数。③将airs改为air。本题的错误是不可数名词的误判。
3.形容词、副词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】I felt happily that their life had improved.
②【2018·全国卷Ⅲ】I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.
【解析】①将happily改为happy。本题的错误是形容词和副词用法的误判。形容词修饰名词,be动词、系动词后要用形容词;副词修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。②将larger改为large。本题的错误是形容词比较级的错用。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注形容词、副词考点的以下错误类型:①many, much修饰名词的错用。②-ed形容词和-ing形容词的混淆。③程度副词的多余。
4.代词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
②【2015·全国卷Ⅱ】Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
【解析】①将us改为me。本题的错误是代词的前后指代不一致。②在parents前加his。本题的错误是物主代词的缺失。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注代词考点的以下错误类型:①代词的主格和宾格以及名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的混用。②不定代词的错用。③反身代词的错用。④代词的数不一致。
5.数词常见错误
【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.
【解析】将eighteen改为eighteenth。本题的错误是错用基数词和序数词。
6.介词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.
②【2015·全国卷Ⅰ】Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
【解析】①删除for。本题的错误是时间状语前介词的多余。②将on改为with。本题的错误是固定短语、习惯搭配中介词的误用。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注介词考点的以下错误类型:①固定搭配中少了介词。②及物动词后介词的多余。
7.冠词常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
②【2015·全国卷Ⅱ】A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.
【解析】①在countryside前加the。本题的错误是固定搭配中定冠词the的缺失。②将第二个a改为the。本题的错误是不定冠词a和定冠词the的误用。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注冠词考点的以下错误类型:①冠词的缺少或多余。②不定冠词a和an的误用。
1.并列句常见错误
① 【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor’s orders, so once I started the car, my mind went blank.
②【2013·全国卷Ⅰ】He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
【解析】①将so改为but或yet。本题的错误是并列连词so和but/yet的误用。②在第二个he前加and。本题的错误是没有分析句式结构,句子间缺少连词。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注并列句句法考点的以下错误类型:受汉语的影响,同时使用although/though/while...but, because...so。
2.复合句常见错误
①【2018·全国卷Ⅱ】The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
②【2016·全国卷Ⅰ】My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【解析】①将where改为when。本题的错误是状语从句从属连词的误用。②将that改为where。本题的错误是定语从句关系代词和关系副词的误用。
【温馨提示】除了以上错误,考生还应关注复合句句法考点的以下错误类型:①名词性从句连接代词、连接副词、从属连词的误用。②祈使句没有以动词原形开头。③介词和连词的混用。④感叹句引导词what, how的误用。
①【2018·全国卷Ⅰ】Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens.
②【2014·全国卷Ⅰ 】As a result, the plants are growing somewhere.
③【2013·全国卷Ⅰ】However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.
【解析】①将here改为there。本题的错误是方位副词的误用。②将somewhere改为everywhere。本题的错误是不定副词的误用。③将never改为ever。本题的错误是将肯定含义理解为否定含义。
【温馨提示】行文逻辑错误是高考改错题的难点。单看这句话是正确的,它不涉及词法、句法错误。因此,在解题的时候,第一遍通读全文尤其重要,教师可以引导考生形成全局观,不从语法角度判断文章的错误所在,而从全文的逻辑关系出发进行正确的判断。行文逻辑错误主要体现在连词、代词以及副词语义上。
以2018年全国卷Ⅰ短文改错题为例。
①During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.②I find a big change there.③The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.④Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.⑤They also had a small pond which they raised fish.⑥My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.⑦I felt happily that their life had improved.⑧At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
通读全文,可以帮助考生对语篇结构、全文时态、人称作出基本的判断。《考试说明》明确指出短文改错的错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。行文逻辑的判断离不开上下文的语境提示,甚至连词、代词的指代和方位副词的选择。例如,②I find a big change there.根据上文的时间状语during my last winter holiday,可知本文的主导时态是一般过去时。因此,应把find改为found。④Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chickens。从上下文可知,作者只是寒假和父亲一起去乡下看望祖父母,并非一直生活在乡下,所以他是去那里“there”,不是到这里“here”。
《考试说明》指出,短文改错题“要求考生对每个句子进行判断,如有错即将其改正”。因此,在了解全文大意的基础上,考生应从第一句开始,逐句研读。有些错误是很明显的,考生可以轻松纠正。例如,⑦I felt happily that their life had improved.系动词feel后接形容词作表语,应该把happily改为happy。这些都是比较浅显基本的知识,考生可以迅速做出判断并纠正。
在考生已改错误不足10个的情况下,应该对照上文归纳的考点以及下列注意事项(详见四、注意事项),判断可能出错的点,进行检查核对。例如, ⑧At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed。很多考生没有把本题中的for删除。考生在做完试题后,如果进行考点排查,就会发现少了一个删除项以及没有改到介词的考点,这样就比较容易发现for的多余了。
1.注意书写规范,确保格式正确。
2.全文只改10处错误,错误及其修改均只限一词。
3.错误的更改方式一般为1增加1删除8修改。
4.设题间距基本均匀,相邻的词不可能都错,不调整句子语序。
5.注意平衡考点,同一错误通常不考两次。
6.一般不增加或删除动词(be动词除外)、名词、形容词以及副词等实词。
7.可改可不改的不算错,不用改。
1.回归基础。短文改错的词汇几乎全是初中五级词汇,考点除了同位语从句外,在初中阶段也基本上都学过了,这些知识就在教材中。因此,考生应回归课本,大量输入正确信息,在正常的阅读中感悟和掌握一些容易出错的地方和搭配。
2.精练强化。做题能起到检测和提醒的作用,但是不强调大量刷题,避免把时间浪费在一些过难、过偏、不符合高考真题特点的“假题”上。练习要精做,侧重基础知识点和高频考点。做完后,认真反思,制作短文改错专项细目表,及时查缺补漏。
3.写作助力。短文改错的场景设定就是改同桌的文章。平时多动笔,在遣词造句中精研词法、句法、行文逻辑,如果自己是写作高手,就很容易看出别人的失误。
总之,短文改错固然考点繁多,但是只要学之得法,改之有理,得高分,甚至满分并非遥不可及。