深加工，花式利用测试题

山东

众所周知，一套高质量测试题的命制需要命题老师付出相当长的时间、极大的精力和心血。可是很多时候，学生做完题目待老师讲评完之后，测试题便被束之高阁，测试题中好多别具特色、独出心裁的设计都没有体悟到。笔者以为这些测试题还能发挥余热，好多有价值的细节都没有被发现。也就是说，如果对试题进行反复揣摩和深加工，我们完全可以挖掘出更多的精华。这种感觉正如吃完烤鸭后熬制的鸭架汤一样，细细品味仍余味未了。以下便是笔者对于讲评之后试题的花式利用，以期给各位提供一些思路。

一、完形填空的利用

完形填空是一套试题中分量颇重的部分，所以对这个题目的深度加工是最需要费心思的。就像烹饪时面对不同的食材有蒸炒焖煮等不同的做法一样，对于不同的完形填空试题也会有不同的处理方法，其中会有转换为无选项盲填，改编成语法填空，品味和仿写句子这几种做法。高考完形填空360度无死角，适用于以上任何一种做法。下面就以高考完形填空为例来辅以说明。

（一）转换为无选项盲填

无选项盲填多适用于高考完形填空。高考完形填空多以语言凝练、准确、优美，内容富含哲理而著称。这样的文章就像一道经过多道工序加工，无数大厨为之竭尽所能的秘制菜肴一样，其中的每一个单词都需细细品味。所以在实际教学中，教师总是要求学生将这类文章读到熟能成诵。设计无选项盲填就是为了增加学生背诵的挑战性。学生多背高考完形填空，就会对命题者的出题思路和出题方向等有所把握，从而大大提高得分率。

（2017年全国卷Ⅰ完形填空）While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration.I myse lf went through thisprocess and found something that has changed myat college for the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language（美式手语）.

答案：1.searching;2.experience;3.learn;4.spoken;5.love;6.story;7.performed;8.idea;9.attracted;10.past;11.wanting

（二）改编成语法填空

将完形填空改编成语法填空也是比较好的做法。有些完形填空的文章选材精妙，读起来爱不释手。这样的文章一定要反复利用，可以换种形式比如语法填空来重新命题。因为完形填空注重通过上下文的联系来进行命题，而语法填空往往从语法这个角度来进行设题。两者并无冲突，就像同一种食材采用两种不同的做法一样，各有不同的风味。

（2018年全国卷Ⅰ完形填空改编）During my second year at the city college, I(tell) that the education department was offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I’d like to take the class because I’d always wanted to learn chess., our instructor was appealing enoughme.He was one of the game’s best.I could hardly wait to meet him.In his(introduce), he madeclear that our credits would be hard-earned.In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to apply what we would learn in class to our future professions, and,(eventual), to our lives.

Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I’m still putting to usehe taught me:“The absolute most important skill that you learn when you play chess is how to make a good(decide).On every single move you have to analyze a situation, process what your opponent（对手）is doing and evaluatebest move from among all your options.”These words still ring true today in my rolea journalist.

答案：1.was told;2.Besides;3.to;4.introduction;5.it;6.eventually;7.what;8.decision;9.the;10.as

（三）品味和仿写句子

上文提到，高考完形填空的语言是非常凝练和优美的，所以其中好多句子完全可以拿来细细品读，体味英语语言之美，从而将其应用于自己的写作中。可以从每篇完形选择两到三个句子，长此以往，学生的英语语言运用能力会大大提高，其作文中的优美句子也会越来越多。以下句子选自2017年全国卷Ⅰ完形填空：

1.I never felt an urge to learn any sign language before.

学生仿写：I never felt an urge to learn English well as now.

2.After that, feeling the need to explore further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL club’s meetings.

学生仿写：Feeling the desire to go to a key university, I really put my heart into study.

3.Yet instead of being discouraged by my slow progress,I was excited.

学生仿写：I worked much harder than before instead of being discouraged by my poor scores.

二、阅读理解的利用

阅读理解得分率的决定因素除了解题方法外，还有词汇和长难句的翻译。所以，试卷讲评完之后，对于词汇的整理是不可或缺的步骤。高频词汇划出后，第二节课教师以幻灯片的形式呈现出来，学生读英语解释汉语。呈现形式一般都是英译汉，竖排，一次10～15个为宜，课前检查重复两堂课。周末将本周所有的高频词总结起来，编成一周高频词汇表，落实到纸面上。词汇整理重在检查和坚持，否则效果甚微。对长难句的分析是阅读理解能力提升的重中之重。很多学生即便认识句中的所有词汇，仍然不能理解该句的意思。究其原因就是不明白句子结构，不会划分定状补成分，尤其是对定语和状语的分析和翻译不到位。所以，教师常常带领学生做长难句分析是非常重要的。用课前5分钟来分析翻译三个句子，一周三次，是不错的做法。关键是这几个句子要由学生事先给出，并且是做题过程中最令他们迷惑的。以下例句选自2018年全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解：

1.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11.（B篇第二段最后一句）

解析：学生难以理解此句主要是因为分不清划线部分1是一个整体，作put的宾语，应将其放在put sth.into practice中进行翻译，而划线部分2则在句中作伴随状语。

译文：《早安英国》的节目主持人说一直以来她都能将她所学的很多东西在自己家里付诸实践，即为三个儿子——14岁的Sam，13岁的Finn和11岁的Jack准备早餐。

2.We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（装置）well after they go out of style.（D篇第一段第一句）

解析：学生理解本句的主要困难是划线部分是定语从句，其中还有shiny and new 作后置定语修饰something，翻译时在先行词前加“的”即可，这是所有定语从句和定语的通用翻译方法。

译文：我们可能认为我们处于一种一见到闪闪发光的新东西就摒弃旧科技的文化中，但是新的研究表明，我们在旧科技过时之后仍在使用它们。

3.Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant.（七选五最后一段第二句）

解析：学生容易看不出来本句中划线部分是分词作后置定语，在翻译时应在所修饰词expense前加“的”。

译文：不管你是在看墙纸还是涂料，你在上面投入的时间、努力和相关花费都是意义重大的。

三、语法填空和短文改错的利用

语法填空和短文改错所考的知识点比较多且零散。一般在试卷讲评完之后，教师会让学生进行试题整理。但是更受学生欢迎的做法是安排专门的学生整理近期在这两道题目中出现的所有易错点，并将其改编成单句语法填空和单句短文改错。将其印制成讲义，一般为学生手写（书法必须好），16k正反两面。这个题量小，用作正餐前的开胃小菜比较合适，学生也比较愿意做。以下为学生改编的单句语法填空和单句短文改错专练：

（一）单句语法填空专练

1.Contact the fraud departments of the major credit offices and ask them ______ copies of your credit reports.

2.______ elegantly dressed nobleman stepped out and introduced himself ______ the father of the boy.

3.You should identify those of ______ (great)and less importance.

4.Recent ______ (study)show that we are far more productive at work.

5.In Shanxi, people get their hair ______ (cut)in the countryside.

答案：1.for;2.An, as;3.greater;4.studies;5.cut

（二）单句改错专练

1.As I opened it, I discovered there was many money.

2.I was afraid that my English was so poor and limit that I couldn’t follow them or make myself understand.

3.I have asked the doctor to put on the operation till tomorrow because of I don’t want you to miss a class.

4.It was then when he understood the reason why the policemen came.

5.In addition, the Internet make voting easy and convenient.

答案：1.many→much;2.limit→limited;3.去掉of;4.when→that;5.make→makes

四、优秀作文的利用

作文的深加工体现在“优化提升”和“殊途同归”两个板块。所谓“优化提升”就是选取学生有些许错误的句子，在课堂上和学生一起分析并按照高档作文的评分标准，将其改写成正确的抓人眼球的句子。“殊途同归”就是把学生在本次书面表达中，对同一个要点的表述较好的句子选取出来，整理在一起，让学生反复诵读，起到拓宽视野进而提高自己表达水平的作用。下面以2015年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达为例，阐述作文在“优化提升”和“殊途同归”两方面的深加工。

（一）优化提升

1.The Double Ninth Festival is approaching.We’ll organize some activities to celebrate the festival.

改为：As the Double Ninth Festival is approaching, we’ll organize some activities to celebrate the festival.

（技巧点拨一：将两个简单句改为含有一个从句的复合句）

2.We’ll hold varieties of activities.It aims to make the elderly have a happy festival.

改为：We’ll hold varieties of activities aiming to make the elderly have a happy festival.

（技巧点拨二：通过使用非谓语动词使该句变成含有较复杂结构的句子）

3.It will be very interesting.We’ll try to make them feel at home.

改为：It will be incredibly interesting.We’ll spare no efforts to make them feel at home.

（技巧点拨三：通过变更部分单词使该句变成含有高级词汇和短语的句子）

（二）殊途同归

1.In China, there is a festival called the Double Ninth Festival when the young show their concern for the elderly.

2.As everyone knows, Chinese people believe the Double Ninth Festival is a great day to show their concern for the elderly.

3.With the approaching of the Double Ninth Festival, the whole Chinese people are eager to express their love for the elderly.

以上三个句子为比较出彩的介绍重阳节的句子，值得学生背诵和引用。

综上所述，任何一套高质量的测试题深挖起来，都是无尽的宝藏。经过对测试题深度挖掘后的教学设计才是对于一套优质精良的测试题的最大尊重，也才能有效提高学生的学习成绩。反之，即便做再多的测试题，学生也都只是走马观花，流于形式，根本达不到好的学习效果。希望每一位教师都能对好的测试题进行深加工，花式利用，只有将其用到极致，方不负出题者之匠心。