定语从句关系词常考易错剖析

2019-01-10 14:22湖北
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年1期
关键词:错因限制性先行

湖北

定语从句是指在复合句中修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句。在复合句中,从句作名词、代词或整个句子的定语。被修饰的词或句子叫先行词,定语从句一般紧跟先行词后,由关系词引出,关系词代替先行词在从句中作句子成分。根据从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性从句和非限制性从句两类。定语从句是历年高考的必考点,高考对定语从句的考查主要体现在关系词的正确选用上。本文对常见的关系词易错点进行了分析、归纳和总结,以期对高中学子的学习有所帮助。

一、关系代词that与which的误用

【高考链接】(2014年陕西卷13改编)Please send us all the information ______________you have about the candidate for the position.

【答案】that。错因分析:有些学生忽略了先行词information前的all,而误填which。

【高考链接】(2017年全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.

【答案】that改为which。错因分析:部分学生可能不认真分析句子,判断不出此句是考查非限制性定语从句,或不知道which可以引导非限制性定语从句而that不能引导非限制性定语从句,而找不出错误。

【方法点拨】定语从句的关系代词that与which的用法区别是学生们经常感到棘手的问题。在限制性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况如下: ⑴ 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时;⑵ 先行词是all, something,nothing, anything, everything, little, few, much, none, any,some等不定代词时;⑶ 先行词既有人又有物时;⑷ 先行词被all, every, any, no, one of, the only, the very, the right,last, just等修饰时;⑸当主句已有疑问词 who或which时。

当先行词是事或物,且关系词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,只用which不用 that的情况如下: ⑴引导非限制性定语从句时;⑵当动词短语中的介词提前时;如:This is a house in which he once lived.⑶先行词后有插入语时;如:This is the book which, as I have told you, will be of great help to you.⑷先行词本身是that时;如:I know that which you told me last week.

二、关系代词that与 who的误用

【高考链接】(2016年全国卷Ⅲ语法填空67)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_____lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.

【答案】who。错因分析:粗心的学生因不认真审题误把Confucius(孔子)当作物体,而误填that。

【典例】He talked about the books and persons______interested him greatly in the school.

【答案】that。错因分析:有些学生不认真分析句子,以为persons是先行词,而误用who,其实先行词是 the books and persons,当先行词既有人又有物时,只用that。

【高考链接】(2013年湖南卷21改编)Happiness and success often come to those ___________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

【答案】who。错因分析:部分学生认为关系代词that和 who都可指人,而误填that。

【方法点拨】虽然在定语从句中that和 who都可指人,但是在以下情况中只能用who:⑴当先行词是one, ones,those, someone等且指人时;(2)先行词是人称代词时;如:He who doesn’t have a goal makes nothing.(3)先行词是人,但在非限制性定语从句中时;(4)当先行词与定语从句间被其他较长的成分分隔且指人时;如:She is the student in our school who received the first prize.而当先行词既有人又有物时,只用that。

三、关系代词which, that与 as的误用

【高考链接】(2015年江苏卷21改编)The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

【答案】as。错因分析:分析可知从句中缺少主语,且此句是非限制性定语从句,故学生容易错用which。实际上,关系代词as 在从句作主语,表示“正如……”。

【典例】Now you made the same mistake_______________you made last time.

【答案】as。错因分析:学生看到先行词是mistake指物,忽视了前面的the same而易误填that或which。

【方法点拨】关系代词as 在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,可作主语、宾语或表语。在定语从句中,当先行词前有such, the same, as, so等词修饰时,关系代词用as。the same...as 和the same...that的用法区别如下:the same...as指不同的人或物,如上面典例例句;而the same...that指同一人或物。如:This is the same book that I read yesterday.(这是我昨天读的那本书。)由as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可位于所修饰的句子之后,也可位于句中或句首;而由which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于先行词后。另外,as常用于as is often the case, as often happens等结构中,也常作动词see/know/hear/imagine/remember/say/show/expect/report/guess/announce等的主动语态的宾语和被动语态的主语,与这类动词几乎成了一种固定搭配,此时as 有“正如,就像”的意思,which没有这种用法。

四、关系代词who/whom, which与whose误用

【高考链接】(2018年天津卷2改编)Kate,___sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

【答案】whose。错因分析:部分学生可能不分析句子成分,看到Kate(人)就填who,或者因为share something with somebody缺少宾语而填whom。

【高考链接】(2017年江苏卷28改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____________purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

【答案】whose。错因分析:有些学生可能因为先行词是the World Food Programme,指物,又是非限制性定语从句,而误填which。

【高考链接】(2013年辽宁卷34改编)He may win the competition, in _______________ case he is likely to get into the national team.

【答案】which。错因分析:很多考生会根据case是名词,此处又缺少定语而误填whose。

【方法点拨】在定语从句中,关系代词whose表示所属关系,既可指人又可指物,通常作定语,表示“……人的/物的”。whose可以与表示所属关系的...of whom/which互换:whose +(人)名词 = the +名词 + of whom;whose +(物)名词 = the + 名词 + of which。关系代词who/whom只能指代人,常作主语、宾语,不能作定语。关系代词which常作主语或宾语,此外,which表示同位关系时,也可用作定语。在定语从句中,学生们往往把表示同位关系的which误用为whose。如:The war lasted fourteen years,during which time the people suffered a lot.战争持续了14年,在此期间,人们饱受苦难。Mary lost her composition last week, in which case she had to rewrite it.玛丽上周把她的文章弄丢了,这样她就必须重写。

五、关系代词that/which与关系副词when,where, why的误用

【高考链接】(2017年浙江卷语法填空64)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,______it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.

【答案】where。错因分析:部分学生可能由于句子长不认真分析,又不知道remain是系动词,其后不接宾语,而误填which。

【典例】The reason ______________she gave for being late for the meeting was that her car broke down on the way.

【答案】that/which。错因分析:部分学生可能看到定语从句的先行词是表示原因的reason,他们受思维定势的影响,而误填关系副词why。

【高考链接】(2014年安徽卷22改编)The exact year ______________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

【答案】which/that。错因分析:部分学生可能看到定语从句的先行词是表示时间的名词year后,不假思索地填关系副词when,而忽略了句中spent是及物动词,其后缺少宾语而不是状语。

【方法点拨】学生一定要牢记关系词在定语从句中的三个功能:⑴引导定语从句;⑵代替先行词;⑶代替先行词在从句中充当一定的句子成分。究竟是选择关系代词还是关系副词,要看关系词代替先行词在从句中充当什么成分,不能只看先行词。关系代词that和 which在定语从句中常作主语或宾语;关系副词when, where和why常在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语。学生尤其要注意当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词,而这些名词又在从句中充当主语或宾语时,用关系代词which或that,而不能用关系副词when, where或why。另外,若定语从句的先行词是表示某人或某物所处的情况、发展阶段或是表达某事的某个方面的名词,如:case/condition/situation/position/point/instance/scene/activity/stage/job等时,也用关系副词where引导定语从句。如:He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy.他必须面对压力很大的情况。

六、先行词way后关系词的误用

【典例】The way_____________________Mary thought of to learn Chinese worked out well.

【答案】that /which/不填。错因分析:部分学生一看到先行词是way,他们就可能根据以往的做题经验,想到填in which。但实际上,此处代替先行词way 作thought of的宾语,需要填that 或which 或不填。

【典例】The development of technology changes the way_______people interact with each other.

【答案】that/in which/不填。错因分析:此句的先行词是way,所要填的关系词在定语从句中代替先行词way在从句中作方式状语,部分学生很可能会根据英语句子对方式状语的提问常用how,而误填。出错的学生没有记住引导定语从句的关系词,不知道how与what不能引导定语从句。

【方法点拨】在定语从句中,当先行词是way时,学生一定要认真分析句子结构和句子成分,若从句中缺少主语或者宾语时,应填关系代词that/which;若从句中缺少状语,不缺少主语或宾语时,应填that或in which 或不填。如: 在“The way that/in which/不 填Mr.Green explained the sentences to us was quite simple.”中,way作从句的方式状语;在“The way that/which/不填Mr.Green explained to us was quite simple.”中,way作从句的宾语。

定语从句是中学阶段六大复合句之一,相对于其他五种复合句来说,是难度较大的一种。对于定语从句,学生首先应找准先行词,然后再根据关系词在从句中所作的句子成分来选定正确的关系代词或关系副词。在高考复习备考中,学生一定要牢记关系代词that, who, which, as,whose, whom在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词when, where, why在从句中常作状语。无论是关系代词还是关系副词通常起三个作用:引导从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分。只有在牢记定语从句的基本知识后,做相关习题并分析总结,才能正确解答定语从句相关试题,最终赢得高考。

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