阮逢辉
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)一般指的是在主从复合句中用来修饰主句的动词?形容词?副词或整个句子的从句?根据用途,状语从句一般分为九种,即时间状语从句?地点状语从句?原因状语从句?条件状语从句?目的状语从句?结果状语从句?让步状语从句?比较状语从句和方式状语从句?状语从句是高中英语语法的重点内容之一,同时又是历年高考的重要考点?在平时的教学中,笔者发现学生对常用连词引导的状语从句掌握得较好,而对特殊连词引导的状语从句掌握得相对薄弱一点?笔者以近几年高考真题中涉及的特殊连词引导的状语从句为例,希望对同学们掌握状语从句这一语法知识点有所帮助?
一?由特殊连词引导的时间状语从句
【经典例题】He left me a good impression the______(one)time I met him.
【答案与解析】first?句意:我第一次见他时,他就给我留下了好印象?本题考查名词短语the first time作为连词引导时间状语从句的用法,故填序数词形式?
【错因分析】有的学生可能知道本句是个复合句,但是找不出引导复合句的连词,如果他们不知道名词短语the first time可以作为特殊连词引导时间状语从句,他们就不能正确解答本题?
【方法点拨】在高中英语课本的语篇和高考真题的语篇中,时间状语从句是出现频率很高的一种句子?一般说来,引导时间状语从句的常用连词有:when,while,as,before,since,till/until,once,as soon as等?但是同学们要注意:除了这些常用连词外,还有一些特殊连词也可引导时间状语从句,我们不可忽视这些特殊连词的用法?引导时间状语从句的特殊连词有以下几类?(1)名词短语 the moment/the minute/the instant,each/every/next/the+序数词+time 等引导?如:Mary from London found herself in an entirely newworld the moment/the minute/the instant she arrived inBeijing.来自伦敦的玛丽一到北京就感到耳目一新?
(2)由副词immediately,directly,instantly引导?如:[朗文当代高级英语辞典P978]Make sure the property youare buying is insured immediately you exchange con?tracts. 一交换合同,你就应该立刻给所购房产购买保险?(3)由no sooner ... than,hardly/scarcely ... when “刚一……就”引导?此结构同学们要注意:只能表示过去的事情,主句只能用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;当no sooner,hardly/scarcely放在句首时要采用倒装形式?如:We had hardly/scarcely sat down at the ta?ble when the phone rang. =Hardly/Scarcely had we satdown at the table when the phone rang .我们刚在桌旁坐下,电话就响了?Tom had no sooner returned to hishomeland than he bought a fine house.=No sooner hadTom returned to his homeland than he bought a finehouse.汤姆一回到家乡就买了一套美丽的房子?在这类短语中,哪个与than连用,哪个与when连用以及主从句的时态问题是常考点?
二?由特殊连词引导的比较状语从句
【高考链接】[2022 年全国甲卷七选五改编]Themore time you spend in any given country,the ______(comfortable) you will begin to feel with its foreign cul-tural practice.
【答案与解析】more comfortable?句意:你在任何一个国家呆的时间越长,你就会开始对这个国家的外国文化习俗越感到舒适?本题考查“the+形容词?副词比较级,the+形容词?副词比较级,意思是:越……越……”引导比较状语从句的用法,故填 more comfort?able.
【错因分析】有的学生由于不知道这种用法可以引导比较状语从句,一见到定冠词the就不假思索地填most comfortable而出错?
【方法点拨】引导比较状语从句的连词通常有than比什么……;as ... as与什么一样……,not so/as ...as不与什么一样……?
三?由特殊连词引导的让步状语从句
【高考链接】[2022年全国甲卷七选五改编]Know-ing some tips will help you ensure that you have an en-joyable meal with friends or family,______(where) youare in the world.
【答案与解析】wherever?句意:无论你在世界的什么地方,了解一些技巧将会确保你成功与朋友或家人享用一顿愉快的晚餐?本题考查wherever引导让步状语从句的用法,此处wherever=no matter where?
【错因分析】有的学生虽然能够判断出这是一个让步状语从句,但是他们认为只有although或though才能引导让步状语从句,而不知道该如何解答本题?
【方法点拨】我们知道引导让步状语从句的常用连词有although/though “虽然……,但是……”,even if/though “即使……,尽管……”?还有as,while,wheth?er ... or ...,疑问词+ever=no matter+疑问词等?同学们要注意:(1)although/though不能与but 连用,但是可以与yet/still连用?(2)as引导让步状语从句时要倒装,though引导状语从句时倒装不倒装均可,其结构为:形容词/副词/名词/动词/动词-ing/动词-ed+as/though?如:Old as/though Mr Green is,he is still energetic andpassionate about everything.尽管格林先生上了年纪,但是他仍然精力充沛对事情充满激情?(3)whether ...or ...无论……还是 ……?如:[2022新高考I阅读理解B]Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whetherby not purchasing more food than necessary in your week?ly shopping or by asking restaurants not to include theside dish you wont eat .每个人都可以为减少浪费贡献一份力量,无论是在你每周的购物中不要购买多余的食物,还是要求餐馆不给你提供你不想吃的配菜?(4)疑问词+ever=no matter+疑问词引导让步状语从句?如:[2020 新高考 I 阅读理解 C]Whatever (=No matterwhat) it is,the result is a fine and vivid description ofthe purest of the Central Asian traditions.不管它是什么,结果是对最纯粹的中亚传统的精细生动的描述?同学们要注意:疑问词+ever还可以引导名词性从句,而“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句?(5)inspite of/ despite the fact that 也可表示让步关系?如:In spite of /Despite the fact that Jack has made mistakes,he is still a nobleman.尽管杰克犯过错,但他仍然是一个品德高尚的人?
四?由特殊连词引导的条件状语从句
【经典例题】You can watch the film on line on con-dition______you pay $10 for it.
【答案与解析】that?句意:只要你付10美元,你就可以在线看那部电影?本题是个复合句,此处考查on condition that “假如,在什么条件下”引导的条件状语从句的用法?
【错因分析】根据语法填空题的答题规律,此处应该填介词?冠词?代词或连词?如果学生们不知道oncondition that “假如,在什么条件下”的用法,就可能出错?
【方法点拨】一般说来,引导条件状语从句的常用连词只有if和unless,unless=if not?如:I sleep with win?dows open unless its really cold.我总是开着窗户睡觉除非天气非常冷?此外,下面几类特殊连词也可以引导条件状语从句,它们是:in case 在 ……情况下,万一……的话;as /so long as只要……,如果……;on condi?tion that 假如……,在……条件下?如:Youd bettertake a coat in case it gets cold.你最好带个外套,以防天气变冷?providing/provided that,supposing that,sup?pose that,它们意思是:倘若,假如?例如:Providing/Provided that there is no opposition,Ill address theopening ceremony on behalf of our class.假如没有反对意见,我将代表我们班在开幕式上致辞?Supposing/Suppose that you make the plan for the meeting,what as?pects you think should be included in the plan?假如你为会议制定计划,你认为什么方面应该包含在计划里面?同学们还要注意:英語中也常用“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+简单句”来表示条件关系?如:Lose onehour in the morning and you will be looking for it the restof the day.早上少一小时,你在一天的时间都会找它?
If only引导条件状语从句常用虚拟语气,意思是:但愿,要是……就好了?如:If only I could be admitted toa key university.要是我能被重点大学录取就好了?
五?由特殊连词引导的原因状语从句
【经典例题】_______(consider) that Mary was ab-sent from class for a week,we should give her a secondchance to make up the exam.
【答案与解析】Considering?句意:考虑到玛丽缺课一周,我们应该再给她一次补考机会?学生稍作分析可知本题是个复合句缺少连词,此处考查“consider?ing that ... 考虑到……,照……来看”引导原因状语从句的用法?
【错因分析】如果学生不知道considering that ... 是引导原因状语从句的特殊连词,容易误认为句子开头作主语填To consider或认为是祈使句填Consider而出错?
【方法点拨】引导原因状语从句的常用连词有be?cause,since,as,for (并列连词),此外,还有几个特殊连词也可引导原因状语从句,它们是:now that,既然……;seeing that,considering that 鉴于……,既然……,因为……?如:Now that your children have landed ajob and can make a living by themselves,you should re?tire and travel around the world.既然你的孩子们都找到工作能够独立生活了,你也应该退休去周游世界了?Seeing that Tom is ill,he is unlikely to attend the meet?ing.由于汤姆生病了,他不可能参加会议了?同学们需要注意的是:because还可以引导表语从句,此时要注意 because 与 why 的误用问题?如:Lily caught acold.That was because she wore a thin sweater on a coldnight.莉莉感冒了,那是因为她在寒冷的夜晚只穿了一件薄毛衫?Lily wore a thin sweater on a cold night.Thatwas why caught a cold.莉莉在寒冷的夜晚只穿了一件薄毛衫,那是她感冒的原因?
六?由特殊连词引导的目的状语从句
【经典例题】[朗文当代高级英语辞典 P946]Heshowed a picture of the missing girl in ____ hope that Imight recognize her.
【答案与解析】the?句意:他给了我一张失踪女孩的照片,希望我能认出她?本题考查in the hope that“对……怀有希望”引导的目的状语从句的用法?
【错因分析】学生如果不知道短语“in the hope that对……怀有希望”的用法及意思就容易误填“a”出错?
【方法点拨】引导目的状语从句的常用连词有inorder that,so that两个连词都表示“为了,以便”,从句谓 语 动 词 前 常 用 could/can,may/might,will/would,should等,in order that可以放在主句前也可放在主句后,而so that只能放在主句后?此外,下面几个特殊连词也可引导目的状语从句:lest,in case,for fear that,以免,以防;in the hope that希望?lest后的从句一般要用虚拟语气,形式是“should+动词原形,should 可省略”,如:Jack obeyed Lily lest she (should) be angry.杰克顺着莉莉,以免她生气?Youd better take somethingto read when you go to see the doctor in case you have towait.看醫生的时候,你最好带点可以读的书籍以防你排队等候?We spoke quietly for fear that we mightwake the guards.我们悄悄说话以免惊醒警卫?
状语从句在六大复合句中是种类最多的一种复合句,因而引导状语从句的从属连词也最多,而且除了常用连词外还有许多特殊的连词也可以引导各类状语从句,这就增加了掌握该语法点的难度?为此,教师应引导学生多总结归纳,并加强其练习,从而使学生掌握这个知识点?
本文系2022年度甘肃省“十四五”教育科学规划课题(课题立项号:GS[2022]GHB1164)阶段性成果?课题名称为:核心素养背景下高中英语语法教学策略研究?
(作者单位:甘肃省庆阳市宁县第四中学)