◎王 春
小学英语常态课提问策略
◎王 春
古希腊学者普罗塔戈(Plutarch)早在3000年以前就指出:“头脑不是一个需要被填满的容器,而是一把需要被点燃的火把。”著名教育家陶行知先生说:“发明千千万,起点是一问。智者问得巧,愚者问得笨。”贝拉克(Belarck)通过研究发现,课堂教学过程的核心是教师提问,学生回答,然后是教师对学生的回答做出反应。提问被视为有效教学的核心。巧妙的课堂提问,能点燃学生思想火花,掀起感情波澜,调动学习的积极性与主动性,让常态课燃起课堂的精彩。
在讲授话题“vacation and travel”时,我采用“五W—when—where—who—what—how”提问法创设情境。我充分利用学校曾经组织的一次呼伦贝尔大草原夏令营这一学情资源,提问:
(who)Our classmate.
(when)Summer Holiday.
(how)By plane.
(where)Hulunbuir Grasslands.
(what)
Question 1:What did you see?
S1:Snow white sheep were here and there like the beautiful clouds in the sky.The large and wide grassland was like a green sea.
Question 2:What happened?
S2:Suddenly,the baby sheep fell down——baa!The mother sheep turned back quickly and ran to baby sheep like a wind…
Question 3:What do you think?
S3:What a great mother’s love!
通过提问(see),眼前仿佛呈现出一幅只用绿色渲染、不用墨线勾勒的中国画。雪白的羊群像天上的云朵,美不胜收。学生的思维更是“海阔凭鱼跃,天高任鸟飞”。(happened)小羊儿突然摔倒——咩,羊妈妈立刻飞速跑回小羊身边。(think) 更是引导出“母爱情深”这一高远立意,引人无限遐想。
(一)“柳暗花明又一村”式的启发式提问——针对文章主旨和主要知识点的提问
在分析故事Snow White时,提出几个问题,提纲挈领,理清脉络,凸显主旨。
Who is the most beautiful woman in the world, Snow White or the Evil Queen?
Did the magic mirror say right?
Who did Snow White meet in the forest?
Who saved Snow White at last?
Snow White is kind,isn’t she?Do you love her?
(二)“一石激起千层浪”式的递进式提问、反问、追问
在分析新句型“She is so honest that everybody trusts her.”时,提问Do you know the meaning of this sentence?再问Why does everybody trust her?引导学生答出Because she is so honest.循循善诱,启发学生思维,让其自主理解so…that…句型的含义用法——引导结果状语从句。
(三)“千树万树梨花开”式的分层式提问
把握学情,因材施“问”。在讲授时态时,提问What did you do yesterday?(昨天)What do you usually do everyday?(每天) What are you doing now?(现在)What will you do tomorrow?(明天)几个问题把一般过去时、一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时集中在一起比较学习。以动词swim为例,有swam、swim、swimming、will swim等几种变化。进一步提问What did you do the day before yesterday?(前天) What do you do every night?(每天晚上)What were you doing then?(那时) What will you do the day after tomorrow?(后天)从而充分操练时态。
(四)“秋日胜春朝”式的比较式提问
对于形似、声似、意似的单词、词组、句型、语篇,运用对比、类比、联想等手法来提问,帮助学生理解知识点中的相似点和不同点。
1.语法的比较
在讲解形容词词缀-ing和-ed时,提问How to spell the word“interesting”?What’s the meaning of“interesting”?(有趣的)What’s the meaning of“interested”?(感兴趣的) How to translate the sentence“I’m interested in the interesting film.”?(我对这部有趣的电影很感兴趣。) Can you make similar sentence?I’m very excited when I heard the exciting news.(我听到这振奋人心的消息时非常激动。) Can you find the differences between“-ing”and“-ed”?通过比较,总结出作为形容词词缀时,-ed修饰人,意为“感到……”;-ing修饰物,意为“令人……”。
2.内容的比较
在语篇教学时,提问Can you find the differences between the two characters?(你能找到两个人物的不同点吗?)Are hot dogs dogs?(热狗是狗吗?)
(五)“百花齐放、百家争鸣”式的发散式提问
教师要善于鼓励学生质疑并大胆提出疑问,引导学生掌握分析问题的过程。教师要借助回忆、联想、假设、逻辑推理等方法,培养学生的发散思维能力。
在讲授magic power话题时,提问If you have magic power,what would you do?Why do you think so?S1:I want a lot of books,because I love reading.S2:I want a big house,because my home is too small.S3:I want a beautiful dress because my mother’s clothes aretoo old for too long.(我想为妈妈买一身新衣服,因为她的衣服穿得太久,太旧了。)
孔子曰:“不愤不启,不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反,则不复也。”不到学生努力想弄明白、但仍然想不透的程度时,先不要去开导他;不到学生心里明白,却又不能完善表达出来的程度时,也不要去启发他。如果他不能举一反三,就先不要往下进行了。适时而问,把握时机,讲究艺术性;恰当掌握提问的火候;巧妙设疑,提倡一题多解,举一反三,允许反问、追问;提问在“最近发展区”,真正体现学生的主体性地位,不让问题留死角。
在讲授Ugly Duckilng时,针对丑小鸭的成长境遇和情感两条主线精巧设疑——ugly/sad——cold/ lonely——fly/swan/happy,总结出努力就会成功的寓意。
Question 1:If you were the ugly duckling,when the Mother Duck says:“You are not like the other ducklings.You are big and ugly!”What do you think?(丑小鸭被排挤时,怎样想?)
S1:I am sad.——悲伤
Question 2:When the winter came,the ugly duckling was freezing and the children were bad to him.If you were him,how do you feel?(丑小鸭冻僵了,孩子们欺负它时,什么感受?)
S2:It is cold there.(crying)I am alone.I am lonely.——寒冷、孤独。
Question 3:Soon winter was past.It was spring. The Ugly Duckling ran and ran.He spread his wings.He can fly!What does he think?(丑小鸭奔跑着,振翅高飞时,内心感受是怎样的?)
S3:He feels happy.He isn’t an ugly duckling any more.He is a swan now!(不再是丑小鸭,成为白天鹅)——高兴!
Question 4:What truth does the Ugly Ducking tell us?(故事告诉我们什么?)
S4:Efforts will be successful.——努力定会成功。
S5:If you study hard,you will success.——努力学习,一定成功!
(一)梯度
在讲授话题My Bedroom时,我围绕重点句型There be…句型设计具有梯度的判断性提问、选择性提问、描述性提问,难度层层递进,全面有效地操练了重点句型。
判断性提问:Is there a football under the bed?Is there a computer on the table?——根据话题内容用Yes./No.回答。
选择性提问:Where's my photos?A.On the wall. B.On the table.C.In the bag.根据话题内容,利用There be…句型选择性回答。
描述性提问:How many books are there in my schoolbag?描述性回答。
(二)广度
设计“小记者采访”活动,通过提问What will you do in the future?讨论理想。又问Do you want to be a teacher?Do you want to be a doctor?谈论职业梦想。再问How to realize your dream?You have to study hard to make your dream come true,don't you?引申到励志勤学、实现人生理想,体现问题的拓展性。如此,既训练了语言点,又寓德育教育于语言教学之中,可谓一箭双雕。
(三)深度
在语音辨析wish,life,time,fine时,我提问What is the same letter in these words?再问How to pronounce the letter“i”?学生回顾以往所学,life,time,fine为相对开音节,i读[ai]。wish为重读闭音节,i读[i]。问题提升了学生的思维能力,促进自主探究。
(四)量度
杜绝“满堂问”“随堂答”,注重提问的质量、效率。
(作者单位:阜新市清河门区新北小学)
(责任编辑:史晓红)