王云龙,梁卓,王芸,韩智红,汪烨,任学军,李学斌
· 论著 ·
二尖瓣环间隔起源局灶性房性心动过速电生理特征与射频消融
王云龙1,梁卓1,王芸1,韩智红1,汪烨1,任学军1,李学斌2
目的探讨二尖瓣环间隔起源局灶性房性心动过速(房速)心电图(ECG)特性,电生理特性和射频消融治疗(RFA)。方法13例患者经心内电生理检查证实起源于二尖瓣环间隔侧房速(简称二尖瓣间隔房速),其中男性6例,女性7例,年龄23~47(35±12)岁,心动过速病史1~6年。结果12例患者经穿房间隔途径标测消融成功,1例经主动脉逆行途径标测消融成功。根据局部电位特征,X线影像和三维标测系统确定成功消融位点分别为:二尖瓣环前间隔旁8例,二尖瓣环中间隔到前间隔之间3例,二尖瓣环后间隔2例。所有房速心电图V1导P波均表现出负正双向,右房激动标测显示最早右房激动点位于间隔侧(希氏束区域或冠状窦近端)。13例患者成功靶点局部电位均为小A大V,9例局部电位A波为复杂或碎裂的。所有患者均无明显并发症,12例长期随访无心动过速复发。结论二尖瓣环间隔区域是重要的房速起源点,常见于前间隔旁,其有独特P波形态和心内激活顺序。经穿间隔或逆行主动脉途径消融二尖瓣环间隔房速,安全有效。
房性心动过速;二尖瓣环间隔;三维标测;电激动标测;消融
随着房性心动过速(房速)射频消融术病例数增多,人们逐渐认识到房速往往起源于一些特定部位,如冠状窦口,Koch三角,肺静脉、界嵴和间隔等[1-4]。随着认识的深入,简化手术术式和难度,可显著提高手术成功率。起源于二尖瓣环间隔的房速已有个案报道,本文对这类房速的临床电生理特征及射频消融进行详细讨论。
1.1 一般资料自2005年12月~2012年12月于北京安贞医院心内科13例患者房速经心内电生理检查及射频消融证实其起源点位于二尖瓣环间隔(简称二尖瓣环间隔房速),其中男性6例,女性7例,平均年龄35±12(23~47)岁,均无心房纤颤病史,4例有外院消融失败病史。
1.2 电生理检查所有患者术前停用抗心律失常药物至少5个半衰期以上,局麻下常规穿刺双侧股静脉和(或)左侧锁骨下静脉,将四极电极沿静脉鞘分别放至希氏束(HBE)及右室心尖部(RVA),十极电极送入冠状静脉窦(CS),同步记录以上各部位心内双极电图和体表心电图。经右股静脉送入消融导管至右房行标测消融。房速的诊断根据文献所述的标准方法。行心房刺激诱发房速,若不能成功诱发,则进行异丙肾上腺素静滴(1~4 mg/min)。
1.3 房速标测和消融心动过速发作时通过分析体表心电图P波形态,常规心内导管激动顺序来初步定位,进一步通过激动顺序标测来确定靶点,其中7例患者使用三维标测系统(Carto),6例使用传统二维标测。左房标测及消融通过穿间隔途径或逆行主动脉途径进行。右房标测提示最早激动点位于希氏束旁,同时P波形态和希氏束旁起源房速类似时,在行左房标测前会先通过逆行主动脉途径标测无冠窦。如经左心系统标测,静脉给予肝素,维持ACT>250 s。
射频消融采用盐水灌注导管或4 mm温控大头导管,给予43℃,30~40 W,盐水灌注速度17 ml/min(或55℃,30~40 W)消融,放电15 s心动过速未终止则停止放电,如心动过速终止则巩固放电60~90 s。消融终点为使用异丙肾上腺素后心房刺激心动过速仍不能诱发。
1.4 解剖定义将二尖瓣环间隔区域定义为左前斜下二尖瓣环6点到12点的区域,该区域分为前间隔旁(APS-MA),前-中间隔(MAS-MA)和后间隔(PS-MA)二尖瓣环(图1)三部分。瓣环定位标志为局部电位小A大V。判断成功靶点位于二尖瓣环间隔区域的标准:①右前斜、左前斜位透视下显示消融导管远端位于二尖瓣环间隔区域及特征性摆动;②三维标测系统左前斜、右前斜位显示消融导管远端位于二尖瓣环(6点至12点间);③成功靶点局部电位小A大V;④靶点处成功消融心动过速。
2.1 临床特征该研究共入选13例房速患者,电生理检查和射频消融证实其起源点位于二尖瓣环间隔区域,其中前间隔旁(APS-MA)8例,前中间隔(MAS-MA)3例和后间隔(PS-MA)2例(图1)。所有患者均对1~3种口服抗心律失常药物无效,2例有轻度扩张性心肌病,其中1例在消融成功后恢复。心动过速平均周长为376±65 ms,静注腺苷有4例终止房速。前间隔旁房速中有3例为持续性,3例前中间隔房速表现为反复发作的单形性房速,其余8例房速为阵发性发作,心房刺激能够诱发和终止。
2.2 心电图特征二尖瓣环间隔房速有特征性的心电图特征。前间隔旁房速P波特征为:(1)AVL导2例P波为等电位线,6例负向;(2)下壁导联P波低幅正向;(3)V1导P波负正双向(正向为主)(图2A);3例前中间隔房速P波特征为:①下壁及V1导P波负正双向;②I导,AVL导P波直立;③V2~V6导为负向为主(图2B)。2例后间隔房速P波特征为:①AVL导联低幅直立;②下壁导联负向或负正双向;③在V1导为负正双向(正向为主);(4)V2~V6导联P波明显负向(图2C)。
图1 左前斜下房速分布模式图注:HB:希氏束;MA:二尖瓣环;TA:三尖瓣环;CS:冠状静脉
图2 3组房速特征性的12导心电图
2.3 标测和消融所有患者均通过房间隔途径或逆行主动脉途径于二尖瓣环间隔侧消融成功。8例前间隔旁起源房速右房标测最早激动点均位于间隔上部,希氏束后上方,局部激动领先于P波起点16±5.2 ms。4例患者心内冠状窦激动顺序近端早于远端,另4例冠状窦远端早于近端(图3)。所有8例患者经房间隔途径左房标测提示最早激动位于二尖瓣环前间隔旁(主动脉瓣-二尖瓣环交界处)(图3),局部激动领先于P波起点35.4 ±6.7 ms,均在此消融成功。3例前中间隔起源房速右房标测,均提示最早激动位于希氏束附近,冠状窦激动顺序均为近端领先远端,最早激动点分别领先P波19 ms、18 ms、18ms,所有患者均首选逆行主动脉途径于主动脉窦内进行标测,结果提示无冠窦内激动与右房最早激动基本一致,并且无冠窦内消融失败。1例患者随后在右房希氏束旁进行标测消融,但消融失败,并造成一过性PR间期延长,随后经逆行主动脉途径经由左室进入左房,标测提示最早激动点位于二尖瓣环前间隔,正对右房希氏束区,局部激动领先P波32 ms(图4)。其余2例患者通过穿间隔途径在左房进行进一步标测,结果提示最早激动点位于二尖瓣环前中间隔,激动时间分别领先P波35 ms,36 ms。3例患者均在二尖瓣环前中间隔处消融成功,其中1例在放电时出现交界心律。2例二尖瓣环后间隔起源房速,右房标测最早激动点在冠状窦近端顶部,且冠状窦激动顺序从近端向远端(图1、图5),最早点局部A波领先P波19 ms,18 ms,2例患者在最早点处放电均未能成功终止心动过速。随后经房间隔途径左房标测提示最早激动点位于二尖瓣环后间隔,局部电位领先P波32 ms,30 ms,并在该处消融成功。13例患者成功消融点局部电位均为小A大V,5例放电房速终止前出现加速或减速现象。所有患者巩固放电后,心房刺激或异丙肾上腺素静滴后给予心房刺激均不能诱发心动过速。随访23±6个月,均无明显并发症。未使用抗心律失常药物,一例患者在术后第3 d心动过速复发,该例房速起源于二尖瓣环前间隔旁,因患者拒绝再次消融手术,遂给予口服药物治疗。
图3 二尖瓣环前间隔旁房速三维电激动标测图及电位特征
图4 二尖瓣前-中间隔起源房速成功靶点X线影像
图5 二尖瓣环后间隔房速消融X影像及电位特征
二尖瓣环前间隔旁房速典型心电图特点与Kistler等报道的类似[5]。I和aVL导P波为负向,提示左房来源。在该组病例中, I、aVL导及下壁导联P波形态在鉴别前间隔旁,前中间隔、后间隔起源时显得尤为重要,I、aVL导P波呈等电位线或负向倾向为前间隔旁房速(图1)。前中间隔及后间隔起源的房速,V1导,下壁导联P波形态为负正双向或负向,这与希氏束旁及冠状窦口附近起源房速P波相似。因此,仅仅通过P波形态,很难区别前中间隔、后间隔房速和希氏束旁、冠状窦口起源房速。
该研究中的二尖瓣环间隔起源房速大多前间隔旁起源(8/13),所有房速均首选右房激动标测,结果显示最早激动位于希氏束旁(前间隔旁和前中间隔房速)或冠状窦近端顶部(后间隔房速)。早前研究[5,6]表明二尖瓣环前间隔旁起源房速,右房最早激动位于希氏束旁,冠状窦激活顺序为从近到远。该研究显示右房最早激动点位于高位间隔,希氏束后上部,这可能与研究样本量较小或标测技术不同有关。Kistler等[5]使用二维标测技术,而该研究6/8例使用三维标测。该研究中有4例冠状窦激动顺序为由远及近(图3),而Kistler等报道7例患者均为从近到远,可能与有些该类房速起源点的电激动迅速传至左房顶部,左房侧部及冠状窦电极放置较深有关。
3例前中间隔房速右房标测提示最早激动点位于希氏束旁,局部A波领先P波10~15 ms。以往报道显示[7-10]对于希氏束旁房速,主动脉无冠窦是可行的消融途径。该研究中3例前中间隔房速P波形态和希氏束旁房速相似,因此首选无冠窦标测消融,标测显示3例患者无冠窦内激动和右房希氏束旁激动基本一致。该研究表明最早激动点在希氏束区的房速,特别是无冠窦内消融失败,在右房希氏束旁消融前,有必要标测二尖瓣环前中间隔。通常经房间隔途径标测消融左房房速,早前研究[11,12]显示也可经主动脉途径经左室跨过二尖瓣环在房侧进行标测和消融左侧旁路,该研究表明前中间隔房速也可通过逆行主动脉途径送导管进入左房进行标测和消融。
二尖瓣环后间隔房速右房标测显示最早激动位于近端冠状窦顶部。以往研究表明冠状窦是局灶性房速的重要起源点,大多位于冠状窦口,仅有极少数位于冠状窦深部。Nakagawa等[13]报道提示左后间隔旁路右房标测最早激动点位于近端冠状窦顶部,而该处往往不能消融成功或仅能一过性阻滞旁路,需要进一步二尖瓣环后间隔消融始能阻滞旁路。而该研究提示房速标测显示右房最早激动点位于近端冠状窦顶部时,有必要进一步在二尖瓣环后间隔仔细标测,尤其是冠状窦内消融失败情况下。
综上所述,二尖瓣环间隔区,尤其是前间隔旁,是不常见但重要局灶性房速起源部位,有特征性P波形态与心内激动顺序。通过穿房间隔途径或逆行主动脉途径消融二尖瓣环间隔房速是安全有效的。
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本文编辑:孙竹
Electrophysiological characteristics of mitral annular septum originated focal atrial tachycardia and therapy of radiofrequency ablation for it
WANG Yun-long*, LIANG Zhuo, WANG Yun, HAN Zhi-hong, WANG Ye, REN Xue-jun, LI Xue-bin.*Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
REN Xue-jun, E-mail: renxj@163.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrophysiology of mitral annular septum originated focal atrial tachycardia (AT) and therapy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for it.MethodsThe patients with confirmed mitral annular septum originated focal atrial tachycardia (mitral AT) were diagnosed by intracardiac electrophysiological examination (n=13, male 6, female 7, aged from 23 to 47 and average age=35±12) and their medical history was from 1 to 6 y.ResultsThe transseptal mapping and RFA were success in 12 cases and transaortic retrograde mapping and RFA were success in 1 case. According to local potential features, the RFA sites confirmed by X-ray photograph and 3-D mapping system and given RFA successfully were as follows: beside of anterior mitral annular septum (in 8 cases), between medium and anterior mitral annular septum (in 3 cases) and beside of posterior mitral annular septum (in 2 cases). P wave in lead V1of ECG in all patients showed both negative and positive phases. The right atrial electric activation mapping showed that the right atrial earliest activation site was located in side of mitral annular septum (His bundle zone or proximal coronary sinus). The local potential in successful target spots all showed micro-A-wave and macro-V-wave in 13 cases, and local potential of A-wave was complicated or cataclastic in 9 cases. All patients had no significant complications, and 12 cases had no re-attack of mitral AT after a long-term follow-up.ConclusionThe zones surrounding mitral annular septum are important originating sites of mitral AT, and a common one beside anterior mitral annular septum with special P wave and sequence of intracardiac activation. The transseptal RFA or transaortic retrograde RFA are safe and effective during treatment of mitral AT.
Atrial tachycardia; Mitral annular septum; 3-D mapping; Electric activation mapping; Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
R541.71
A
1674-4055(2016)12-1470-04
1100029 北京,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科;2100044 北京,北京大学人民医院心内科
任学军,E-mail:renxj@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.12.16