张爱萍
在这几年的英语教学中,我不断学习和归纳了宾语从句的用法。宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,我们在学习宾语从句时关键要掌握以下五个要点。
一、引导词
由that引导的宾语从句具有陈述含义,that在口语中可以省略,如I hear (that) English is difficult.(我听说英语难。)She says(that) she will leave a message on his desk.(她说她要在他桌子上留言。)
由that…and(but)that…引导几个表示并列(或转折)关系的宾语从句,后一个that不能省略,如He said(that)the film was interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it.(他说这部电影有趣,他喜欢看。)
一般疑问句作宾语从句,常由连词whether或if引导。
Whether或if引导的宾语从句意思是“是否”,连词Whether或if更口语化。如Could you tell me if(whether)it is going to snow?(你能告诉我天是否要下雪?)He asked whether they needed some more tea.(他问他们是否再需要些茶。)
特殊疑问句作宾语从句,常用连接代词(who whom whose what which)或连接副词(how where when why)引导,如Do you know what time the train will leave?Can you tell me who(whom)we have to see?
二、陈述的语序
一般疑问句、特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,用陈述的语序,也就是whether或if引导的宾语从句,连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的语序是陈述句的语序。即主语在前,谓语在后,因此,由疑问句变来的宾语从句要删除do does did等助动词,如Does he go to school on foot?Can you tell me?Can you tell me if he goes to school on foot?Where does he work? Do you know?Do you know where he works?
三、时态一致
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,宾语从句的谓语动词就要根据实际情况需要用不同的时态。
He knows(that)Jim will work harder.(他知道吉姆会更加努力工作。)
I hear he bought a new coat yesterday.(我听说他昨天买了一件新上衣。)
I think he will be back by plane next week.(我想他下一周将乘飞机返回。)
当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语动词要和主句的谓语动词时态一致,即用过去时态的某种形式。
如He said he bought a dictionary yesterday.(他说他昨天买了一本字典。)She said she would be back soon.(她说她很快就回来。)
虽然主句的谓语动词是过去时态,但宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,则宾语从句的时态仍用一般现在时,如She said the sun rises in the east.(她说太阳从东方升起。)He said there are twelve months in a year.(他说一年有12个月。)
当宾语从句中含有表示过去具体的年、月、日这类时间状语时,则其一般现在时不变。如He told me he was born in 2000.(他告诉我他生于2000年。)
四、否定前移
当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,except等,且后接that引导的宾语从句时,在宾语从句中有时谓语动词尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,却将think,believe,suppose,except等动词变为否定形式,也就是在汉语当中否定的部分在从句,而在英语当中否定的部分在主句,即称为“否定前移”。
如I do not think that chickens can swim.(我认为鸡不会游泳。)I do not believe they have finished their work yet.(我相信他们还没有干完工作。)
五、宾语从句的复合结构
在某些句型中,特别是带复合宾语的句子中,that引起的从句常常移到后面去,前面用一个it作形式上的宾语。如在Find,make,think等一些有复合宾语的动词之后,常用it作形式上的宾语,而将真正的宾语“that从句”放在宾语补足语之后,即“及物动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句”。如I think it important that we should learn English well.(我认为我们学好英语是重要的。)I took his word for it that he would try his best to help us.(他说他要想尽一切办法帮助我们,我相信他说的是真话。)
我们英语教师要善于总结和归纳,分散的知识点经过我们的归纳,让学生系统地进行学习,他们就会少走弯路,节约时间。学习英语主要是为了应用,但目前状况下,考试制度没有发生质的变化,因此学生学习英语语法知识显得十分重要,给学生归纳总结有关英语知识点也十分必要。我们认为,在初中英语中如果学生能够懂得这些宾语从句的知识就够了,就可以应对在中考中出现的有关宾语从句的知识。
(甘肃省通渭县李店乡祁嘴学校)