聂隆星
摘要:影视作品是推动中国文化“走出去”的重要媒介,除了走出国门的电视剧和电影,优秀国产纪录片也在积极发挥作用,讲好中国故事。CCTV4纪录片《传承》介绍了海峡两岸多位中国非物质文化遗产传承人,通过讲述他们真切动人的故事,向国内外观众展现中华民族优秀传统文化。解说词含有丰富的文化负载词,而文化负载词的翻译质量直接影响外国观众对中国优秀文化的理解程度。该文从文化翻译观角度研究纪录片《传承》解说词文化负载词翻译策略和方法,希望为中国文化纪录片解说词英译提供有益借鉴。
关键词:跨文化传播;纪录片;《传承》;英译策略
中图分类号:K059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2096-4110(2023)03(c)-0162-05
A Study on the Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in the Documentary Inheritance from the Perspective of Cultural Translation
Abstract: Films and television works are the important medium for introducing the Chinese culture abroad. Besides those television shows and movies released abroad, extraordinary domestic documentaries also tell Chinas stories well. Heritage, a documentary made by CCTV4, introduces many inheritors of Chinese intangible cultural heritage on both sides of the Taiwan Straits by telling their moving stories to demonstrate excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation. The commentary contains a lot of culture-loaded words, while the translation quality of these words will directly affect foreign audiencesunderstandings of excellent Chinese culture.The article studies translation strategies of culture-loaded words in Heritage from the perspective of cultural translation, hoping to serve as reference for the translation of Chinese cultural documentaries.
Key words: Cross-cultural Communication; Documentaries; Heritage; C-E Translation Strategies
推动中国文化“走出去”战略,越来越多的国产电视剧和电影走出国门,不少优秀国产纪录片也在积极发挥传播中国优秀文化的作用。CCTV4中文国际频道耗时两年制作纪录片《传承》,介绍了多位来自海峡两岸的中国非物质文化遗产传承人,通过一个个真切动人的故事,向观众展现了中华民族优秀传统文化。解说词中含有各种承载文化信息的词汇,译者能否处理好这些词的翻译问题,将影响外国观众理解纪录片所介绍的非物质文化遗产。本文以纪录片《传承》第一季解说词为例,运用文化翻译观分析解说词文化负载词翻译策略和方法,希望为文化纪录片翻译提供有益借鉴[1]。
1 文化翻译观
“文化翻译观”由英国文化学派翻译理论家苏珊·巴斯奈特(Susan Bassnett)提出。在与美国学者安德烈·勒菲弗尔(Lefevere Andre)共同撰写的Translation, History and Culture[2]中,巴斯奈特首次提出“文化转向”这一概念。巴斯奈特认为,翻译不应以语篇为单位,而是以文化为单位;除了“译码—重组”,翻译更为重要的是文化交流;翻译不应只是描述源语文本,而应实现两种语言的文化功能等值;在不同的历史时期,翻译原则和规范不同,除了滿足文化的需要,还要一定文化范围内,满足不同群体的需要[3]。
2 文化翻译观视角下纪录片《传承》文化负载词翻译
“文化负载词”又指“词汇空缺”,即原语词汇所承载的文化信息在译语中没有对应语[4]。廖七一指出,文化负载词是仅在某种文化中的词、词组和习语,指的是在漫长的历史进程中,特定民族逐渐积累的不同于其他民族的、独特的活动方式[5]。根据尤金·奈达对文化的分类,学界把文化负载词从生态文化、物质文化、社会文化、宗教文化和语言文化5个角度分类[6]。本文在文化翻译观的指导下,研究《传承》第一季多篇解说词里的文化负载词,从而分析译者选择的翻译策略和方法。
2.1 生态文化负载词
生态文化负载词,反映了语言使用地区的自然环境、动物植物和气候状况等。
例1:野生的铁皮石斛是国家重点二级保护的珍稀濒危植物,价值高过人参、灵芝。铁皮石斛长在高海拔的丹霞山上,古人常常悬崖勒壁或者射箭采集。在唐代开元年间,道家经典《道藏》中,它被尊为“中华九大仙草”之首,具有滋阴清热、养胃生津、补肾益精之功效。(《传承》第一季第一集“道”篇)
译文:Wild dendrobium officinale, a rare and endangered species of national key second level, is superior to ginseng and lucid ganoderma in value. Dendrobium officinale grows on the high Mount Danxia, so the ancient people often picked it by tying the rope to the cliff or shooting arrows. In “Collection of Taoist Scriptures”, a Taoist classic in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, its hailed as the head of “nine major medicinal herbs in China”. It can nourish yin, clear heat, nourish the stomach, promote the secretion of saliva, nourish the kidney and strengthen essence.
分析:这几句解说词出自中草药铁皮石斛种植技艺。“铁皮石斛”“人参”“灵芝”都是中草药,但译者在翻译时采取了不同的翻译方法,“铁皮石斛”和“灵芝”分别翻译为“dendrobium officinale”“lucid ganoderma”,尽量使用目的语对应表达,而“人参”则音译为“ginseng”。
例2:铁皮石斛是大陆的山珍,而在台湾,有一种稀有的海味——土龙。土龙学名叫波露豆齿蛇鳗,是一种用于舒筋活骨的稀有药材。(《传承》第一季第一集“道”篇)
译文:Dendrobium officinale is a treasure from Chinese mainland. In Taiwan, there is a rare treasure from the sea, pisodonophis boro. Pisodonophis boro is its scientific name. Its a rare medicinal material which is used to stimulate the circulation of the blood and cause the muscles and joints to relax.
分析:这几句解说词出自台湾抓土龙捕鱼技艺。“土龙”出自南朝刘敬叔撰写的志怪小说集《异苑》,分布在江南沿海一带。如果直译,外国观众会不知所云。译者使用“替代法”,翻译“土龙”的学名“波露豆齿蛇鳗”,有助于外国观众理解这种稀有海味,了解中国生态文化。
2.2 物质文化负载词
物质文化负载词反映了人们的衣食住行、日常用品和生产工具等。
例3:施丽梅73岁,自称是喜事堆里打滚的人,她编制的这种纯手工艺品叫做春仔花,只用在喜庆的时候。(《传承》第一季第二集“金”篇)
译文:Shi Limei is 73 years old. She claims she is always involved in joyful events. The handcrafts she is making are called Chunzai flowers which are only used in joyful occasions.
分析:这句解说词出自台湾春仔花制作技艺。“春仔花”是流行于福建和台湾两地的手工扎花,人们在办喜事时会在头上插上“春仔花”,表现了对婚姻的注重。译者采取“音译+直译”法保留了源语文化特征,并在上下文语境中解释了“春仔花”的用途,有助于外国观众了解中国特有的婚俗文化用品。
例4:打鋤打钁打铁钁,打菜刀,钢菜刀,铁耙三齿二齿钩。(《传承》第一季第二集“金”篇)
译文:We forge hoes, picks and boards! Kitchen knives and steel knives! Iron rakes, 3-tooth and 2-tooth hooks.
分析:这句解说词出自省级非物质文化遗产代表性项目章丘铁匠习俗。“锄”“钁”“铁钁”“铁耙”“三齿钩”和“二齿钩”都是农业生产用具,译者采用了“直译法”,目的语读者可以快速理解这几种农业生产用具,了解中国传统农业生产制造文化。
例5:位于长江中下游的江苏常州盛产毛竹,这里的人们就因势取材进行留青竹刻。(《传承》第一季第三集“木”篇)
译文:Located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Changzhou, Jiangsu is rich in mao bamboos. People here use mao bamboos to make Liuqing-style bamboo carvings.
分析:这句解说词出自国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目留青竹刻。“留青竹刻”是中国传统雕刻技艺,是江苏常州三宝之一,以竹青为雕刻图案对象。译者音译“留青”,保留源语文化特征,让外国观众可以理解这种雕刻技艺名字的缘由,再直译“竹刻”,观众可以了解这种技艺的载体和制造方法,有助于外国观众了解中国的手工文化。
例6:李迎宾生长在黄河岸边,三十多年来,他一直在黄河上划羊皮筏子。这种古老的水运工具在唐代以前叫革囊。(《传承》第一季第三集“水”篇)
译文:Li Yingbin is raised by the Yellow River. For over 30 years, he has been driving goatskin raft on the Yellow River. Such an ancient water craft was called “Ge Nang(leather bag)” before the Tang Dynasty.
分析:這句解说词出自省级非物质文化遗产代表性项目羊皮筏子。“羊皮筏子”是古代劳动人民用羊皮制作的短途摆渡工具,反映了古代劳动人民的生产智慧。译者采用“音译+注释”法翻译“革囊”,既能让外国观众了解羊皮筏子的历史,又能了解羊皮筏子的材质和形状。
例7:宋先民今天召集村里人开会,共同商量修复地坑窑的事情。村里原有八十多口地坑窑,后因填平复垦仅剩这口废弃地窖,宋先民就想把它原样修复。万年前,先人凿崖壁而居,构建窑洞雏形。渭北高原土层深厚,下挖层黏性好,遂发展出结构稳固的地坑式窑洞。(《传承》第一季第七集“和”篇)
译文:Today Song Xianmin gathers villagers to have a meeting to discuss the restoration of the underground house cave together. There were over 80 underground house caves in the village before. They were filled and leveled up later for reclamation and only this abandoned one is left. Song Xianmin wanted to restore it as it was before. Ten thousand years ago, ancestors cut the precipice to make caves and live here where were the prototypes of house caves. There are deep and thick earth layers and sticke drill-down layers, so steady underground house caves were formed there.
分析:这几句解说词出自省级非物质文化遗产代表性项目渭北地坑式窑洞建筑技艺。窑洞是一种由地理原因形成的特殊住宅,常见于中国黄土高原地区。未曾体验过此类住宅的外国观众可能难以理解“地坑窑”,通过“直译+解释”能够让外国观众进一步了解独具特色的中国住宅文化。
2.3 社会文化负载词
社会文化负载词反映了政治制度、社会习俗、礼仪方式等。
例8:一天前,湖南湘西金龙村83岁的苗法师去世,作为村里最德高望重的人,整个寨子的乡亲都要为他送行,按照苗寨的规矩,老法师去世,年轻的法师要以上刀梯的方式与老人告别。(《传承》第一季第二集“金”篇)
译文:One day ago, a 83-year-old Miao sorcerer passed away in Jinlong Village, western Hunan. He was the most respected man in the village. All the village folks came to bid their farewells. The rules of this Miao village have specified, when an old sorcerer dies, the young sorcerer needs to climb the ladder of knives to bid farewell to the old man.
分析:这句解说词出自州级非物质文化遗产代表性项目苗族上刀梯绝技。“上刀梯”是苗疆祈福禳灾的最为重要的仪式,他们相信有勇气赤脚踩上利刃登天的人能获得有神灵沟通的特权。由于屏幕有字数限制,在“上刀梯”第一次出现时,没有在“刀梯”后面加注解释,而是在后文中介绍刀梯的构造。译者采用直译法,希望能够帮助外国观众通过字面意思瞬间理解这种祭祀仪式。
例9:台北附近的平溪小镇自古就有放天灯的习俗。天灯在大陆又叫孔明灯,相传为三国时期的诸葛亮发明创造,最初用于传递军事信息。胡民树的祖先来到平溪后,平静的生活并没有持续太久。清朝道光年间,这里常常有土匪下山抢劫,土匪走后, 躲藏在村子附近的人就在夜间释放天灯作为信号,告知村民可以下山回家了。台湾平溪放天灯的习俗就由此而来。(《传承》第一季第五集“火”篇)
译文:In the small Pingxi Town near Taibei, there has been a custom of releasing sky lanterns since ancient times. In Chinese mainland, sky lanterns are also known as Kongming lanterns. Legend has it that it was invented by Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms period and was originally used to deliver military messages. After Hu Minshus ancestors came to Pingxi, their quiet life did not last long. In the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, there were often bandits coming down the mountains to rob them. After the bandits left, people hiding near the village would release sky lanterns as a signal, telling the villagers that they could come home, hence the custom of releasing sky lanterns in Pingxi, Taiwan.
分析:這几句解说词出自台湾平溪天灯制作技艺。元宵节当天,台湾平溪人民除了猜灯谜提花灯,还会通过燃放天灯祈福。译者采用直译法翻译“放天灯”以及后续解释这一活动的历史由来,能够吸引外国观众进一步了解中国台湾地区元宵节的祈福文化。
2.4 宗教文化负载词
宗教文化负载词反映了宗教信仰、思想观念,以及价值体系等。
例10:少林武僧习武仅为修身养性。“八打八不打”口诀明确规定人体的攻击禁区:“一打眉头双眼,不打太阳为首;二打唇上人中,不打正中咽喉;三打穿腮耳门,不打中心两壁;四打背后骨缝,不打两肋太极;五打内肋肺腑,不打海底撩阴;六打撩阴高骨,不打两肾对心;七打鹤膝虎骨,不打尾闾风府;八打破骨千金,不打两耳扇风。不应死守戒规,但应牢记在心。御敌制敌为先,故尽不伤其命。”(《传承》第一季第一集“道”篇)
译文:The warrior monks in the Shaolin Temple learn martial arts only to self-cultivate. The pithy formula of the "Eight Body Parts to Hit or Not stipulates explicitly the parts which cant be attacked". First, hit brows and eyes instead of temples. Second, hit the philtrum above the mouth instead of the throat. Third, hit the cheek and mandible instead of the central heart. Fourth, hit the sutura on the back instead of both sides of the ribs. Fifth, hit the lungs in the ribs instead of the crotch. Sixth, hit the bone above the crotch instead of the kidneys. Seventh, hit the knee-joints instead of the caudal vertebra. Eighth, hit the shins instead of the ears. Never follow a stereotype routine, but keep it in mind. Contain the enemy before killing them."
分析:这段“八打八不打”的口诀出自国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目少林功夫。口诀格式工整,朗朗上口,内容含有多个身体部位或穴位,如“海底撩阴”“撩阴高骨”“尾闾风府”,不了解中国武术的外国观众理解起来有些困难。译者在翻译时尽量保持了口诀格式的工整,放弃了逐字死译,直译核心内容,尽可能让外国观众了解中国武术文化要义。
2.5 语言文化负载词
语言文化负载词是反映了语法特征和音位特征,包括成语、谚语、习语等。
例11:顺天时,应地理,利用自然的材料进行生产活动,渐渐演变为各种社会经济活动。(《传承》第一季第一集“道”篇)
译文:Complying with the climate and geographical features, and making use of natural materials to carry out production activities have gradually evolved into various social and economic activities.
分析:这句解说词出自国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目桑蚕丝织技艺。“顺天时,量地利”出自贾思勰的《齐民要术》,反映了中国古代农业生产根据规律办事的智慧。源语观众对于“天时”“地利”很熟悉,但对于外国观众而言可能难以理解,通过直译的方式解释有助于理解其背后的农业生产智慧。
例12:反正从前有那么句民间谚语:打鱼郎,漉漉涟涟一大坑,姑娘不嫁打鱼郎。(《传承》第一季第二集“金”篇)
译文:You know there is a local proverb saying: “Fishermen always stay on the sea facing risks, and girls shouldnt marry fishermen.”
分析:这句解说词出自国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目汉沽飞镲。这句话体现了渔民妻子对渔民出海捕鱼危险情况的担心,译者采用直译和意译相结合的方式进行解释,便于外国观众了解中国传统捕鱼文化。
例13:一般都是抓大的放小的,抓母的或者抓公的都要选择,母的让它走,让它能够继续生育下一代,所以我们绝对不会赶尽杀绝。(《传承》第一季第三集“木”篇)
译文:Generally speaking, we catch adult animals and release young ones. We still need to choose whether to catch a male animal or a female one. We usually release female animals so that they can reproduce their next generation continuously. Therefore, well by no means kill all of them.
分析:这句解说词出自台湾泰雅进山林狩猎祈福仪式。“赶尽杀绝”出自许仲琳的《封神演义》,意思是指对人残忍,不留余地。此处使用“赶尽杀绝”是为了解释泰雅人进山狩猎遵循自然法则,不是随意砍伐森林或猎杀动物。译者按照字面意思进行解释,外国观众可以了解泰雅人的狩猎文化,遵循“留得青山在,不怕没柴烧”的理念。
例14:传统的葫芦窑是没有温度计的,胡家旺判断温度全靠一双火眼金睛。“远古时代我们是怎么来判断的,它一个就是根据在烧成过程当中这个火焰的变幻,观察火焰的变化,然后判断它的温度, 完全燃烧了,那么说它这个颜色就会发白。”(《传承》第一季第五集“火”篇)
译文:The traditional gourd-shaped kiln doesnt have thermometers inside. Hu Jiawang judges the temperatures entirely by his sharp eyes. This is how people judged temperatures in ancient times. They judged the temperatures by observing the changes of flames during the firing process. In case of complete combustion, the color will turn white.
分析:这句解说词出自國家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目景德镇传统瓷窑烧造技艺。“火眼金睛”出自杨景贤的《西游记杂剧》,原指《西游记》中孙悟空的眼睛能识别妖魔鬼怪,后来用于形容人锐利的眼光,可以辨别真伪。此处使用“火眼金睛”旨在赞扬景德镇传统瓷窑烧造技艺代表性传承人胡家旺娴熟的技能。译者没有按照字面意思进行翻译,采用“形容词+名词”的结构让外国观众领会中国陶瓷制造技艺的悠久历史文化。
3 结语
综上所述,中国文化纪录片解说词文化负载词的英译质量关系到外国观众对中国文化内涵的理解程度。央视纪录片《传承》第一季多方位、多角度向外国观众展现了海峡两岸优秀非物质文化遗产。本文以文化翻译观为指导,分析了央视纪录片《传承》第一季解说词文化负载词英译策略和方法,希望不断提高中国文化纪录片解说词英译质量,达到促进中国文化与外国文化交流的效果,吸引越来越多的外国观众关注和了解中国非物质文化遗产。
参考文献
[1] 李运兴.字幕翻译的策略[J].中国翻译,2001(4):38-40.
[2] Susan B, Andre L. Translation, history and culture[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press,1990: 8-11.
[3] 许钧,主编. 当代英国翻译理论[M]. 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2004: 360-386.
[4] 包惠南,包昂,主编. 中国文化与汉英翻译[M].北京:外文出版社, 2004:10.
[5] 廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索[M].南京:译林出版社, 2000:232.
[6] Nida,E.A.Language, Culture-Contexts and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993:91.