《红楼梦》两种英译本初探
——以第一回为例

2020-11-25 12:19张院玲
现代英语 2020年7期
关键词:意译谐音译本

张院玲

一、引言

《红楼梦》两种完整译本,分别为大卫·霍克斯、约翰·闵福德所译The Story of the Stone以及杨宪益、戴乃迭翻译的A Dream of Red Mansions。前两位是师生兼翁婿,后两位则为跨国伉俪。这两对组合分别于20世纪70~80年代独立将《红楼梦》译成英文,双璧辉映,杨译在国内更为知名,而霍译在国际独擅胜场。

作为文学巨著,《红楼梦》原作气象恢宏,结构谨严,辞章华丽却又雅俗共赏。中西文化,背景各殊,而作者为避讳故,书中颇多隐语,梦境与现实若即若离。暗示、隐喻、地名及人名谐音比比皆是,兼有大量诗词俗语,翻译之难可想而知。两位主要译者皆红学专家,在理解原文上,杨有母语之利,而在译文行文上霍克斯或许更胜一筹。二者对理解原文上偶有歧见,其翻译策略亦仁者见仁,各有千秋,因此,在具体翻译中,会有不同处理方式及策略。

二、译本翻译策略综述

《红楼梦》存在大量的象征、隐喻、谐音和文字游戏,这是翻译过程必须面对的一大难题。霍克斯在前言中提道:“我恐怕这种微妙笔触会在翻译中消失。我所坚持的原则就是‘全译’,双关语也一样。虽然这部小说是未竟之作,但它是一位伟大的艺术家以毕生心血屡次修改而成。因此,书中内容皆有其目的,而我(在翻译时)必须想办法处理……”

从以上文字可以看出,霍克斯的翻译原则就是“足译”或全译,力争反映原作的全貌,做到高度忠实。因此,也不难理解作者煞费苦心,在涉及谐音隐喻的人名、诗词翻译上字斟句酌,力臻完美。如第一回中甄家丫鬟娇杏,后被贾雨村纳妾,很快又扶作正室。“偶因一着错,便为人上人”,此娇杏自然为“侥幸”之谐音,霍克斯翻译为“Lucky”,妥帖自然。《红楼梦》人物关系复杂,中国人尚且不易理顺,外国人更如同雾里看花,但霍氏处理人物自有高招。贾府人物以贾政为中心,译为“Master Jia”或“Sir Zheng”,女性同辈则概称“Lady”,再往上贾母尊称“the Old Ladyship”,往下宝黛则称“Miss”,这样处理使人物辈分一目了然。除了长幼有序,在表示尊卑关系的主仆关系上,霍氏对奴婢一律意译,如袭人译为“Aroma”,晴雯“Skybright”,平儿“Patience”,紫鹃译为“Nightingale”,奴婢之名大多即绰号,反映人物个性,选择意译更佳。相比之下,杨译人名基本采取通行的音译,个别例外,如贾母译为尊称“the Lady Dowager”,王夫人“Lady Wang”,薛姨妈“Aunt Xue”等。音译人名,虽属通行惯例,然亦失于单调,若干原文旨趣未能尽显,常有遗珠之憾,因此杨氏在章节后加注,以补纯音译之失。因此,在翻译含实义之名称时,可根据情况结合音译和意译,力求最大限度传递原文含义,全以音译未必最佳。

三、译本第一回个例分析对比

两位译者在翻译策略的选择上存在差异,下面将以第一回为例进行分析探讨。《红楼梦》首章,于全书布局有导引统摄之功,除交代小说缘起,衍引出故事起源外,其因果空无之观念亦总摄全篇,预示小说后事及结局。文章风格布局,往往于开篇便显露端倪,翻译亦然,译者之才情、品味及策略开篇即见。

第一回标题“甄士隐梦幻识通灵,贾雨村风尘怀闺秀”。

杨译:Zhen Shiyin in a dream sees the Jade of Spiritual Understanding;Jia Yucun in his obscurity is charmed by a maid.

霍译:Zhen Shi-yin makes the Stone's acquaintance in a dream;and Jia Yu-cun finds that poverty is not incompatible with romantic feeling.

就标题翻译而言,杨译一如前述,基本照原文译出,下联应参照故事情节,将“闺秀”译为“maid”,“风尘”译成“obscurity”,简洁平稳。相比之下,霍译曲尽原文之意,有意模糊,译文更具文学色彩。

故事起源,“当日地陷东南,这东南一隅有处曰姑苏,有城曰阊门者,最是红尘中一二等富贵风流之地。这阊门外有个十里街,街内有个仁清巷,巷内有个古庙,因地方狭窄,人皆呼作葫芦庙。庙旁住着一家乡宦,姓甄,名费,字士隐。”此段文字看似简易,实则大有深意。序言中的所谓痴男怨女要到人间投胎,但等待他们的是“阊门”(虽名为苏州西城门,与“娼门”谐音)、“十里街”(势利)、“仁清巷”(人情),皆为人间苦难之因,烦恼之源。

杨译:Long ago the earth dipped downwards in southeast, and in that southeast part was a city named Gusu;and the quarter around Changmen Gate was one of the most fashionable centres of wealth and nobility in the world of men.Outside this Changmen Gate was a certain Ten-li Street,off which ran the Lane of Humanity and Purity; and in this lane stood and old temple, which being built in such a narrow space was known from its shape as Gourd Temple.Beside this temple lived a gentleman named Zhen Fei,whose courtesy name was Shiyin.

霍译:Long, long ago the world was tilted downwards towards the south-east;and in that lower-lying southeasterly part of the earth there is a city called Soochow;and in Soochow the district around the Chang-men Gate is reckoned one of the two or three wealthiest and most fashionable quarters in the world of men.Outside the Changmen Gate is a wide thorough-fare called Worldly Way;and somewhere off Worldly Way is an area called Carnal Lane.There is an old temple in the Carnal Lane area which,because of the way it is bottled up inside a narrowCul-de-Sac,is referred to locally as Bottle-gourd Temple.Next door to the Bottle-gourd Temple lived a gentleman of private means called Zhen Shi-yin.

比较两种译本,在处理专有名词时,杨译还是忠实照原文直译,甚至连地名“姑苏”也保持原貌。相比之下,霍译意译较多,地名“姑苏”采用西方人熟悉的威妥玛式拼写,并改为现代名称“苏州”。在翻译几个谐音地名时,采取了转译,如“十里街”译成“Worldly Way”(世俗/势利街),“仁清巷”译成“Carnal Lane”(欲望/人情巷),但译者并未将“阊门”译成“the Gate of Brothel”,甄士隐的人名也未意译。说明译者在考虑音译和意译的时候,还是有所取舍。

小说第一回,故事缘起中重要人物贾雨村出场,作者借甄家丫鬟之口对其相貌有一番描述:“那甄家丫鬟掐了花儿方欲走时,猛抬头见窗内有人:敝巾旧服,虽是贫窘,然生得腰圆背厚,面阔口方,更兼剑眉星眼,直鼻方腮。”此处作者对人物外貌,尤其是五官刻画非常细致。

杨译:Just as she was leaving with her flowers, the girl abruptly looked up and caught sight of him.His clothes were shabby yet he was powerfully built with an open face, firm lips, eyebrows like scimitars, eyes like stars,a straight nose and rounded cheeks.

杨译除了“腰圆背厚”采意译,对其服饰仅以“shabby”一词概而略之,其余则几乎全依中文直译,略无变化。

霍译:Having now finished picking her flowers, this anonymous member of the Zhen household was about to go in again when, on some sudden impulse, she raised her head and caught sight of a man standing in the window.His hat was frayed and his clothing treadbare; yet, though obviously poor, he had a fine, manly physique and handsome,well-proportioned features.

霍译可谓反其道而行之,雨村服饰一如原文,忠实得近乎苛刻,其实此处“敝巾旧服”只是泛指。相反,霍译对雨村外貌只是概略描述,以“well-proportioned features”作一总括,细节地方一律省去。西方传统小说,于外貌描写不甚费墨,而偏重人物心理及语言刻画。西方作品罕见对人物面貌,尤其五官作精致描绘者。霍氏翻译红楼,自然受到西方文学传统影响,也会考虑到西方读者的接受习惯。

《红楼梦》一书有大量的诗词赋曲,是翻译中无可回避的难点,也是最见译者功力的亮点。第一回中,“雨村思及甄家丫鬟两度回首,对月抒怀,口占一律:未卜三生愿,频添一段愁。闷来时敛额,行去几回眸。自顾风前影,谁堪月下俦?蟾光如有意,先上玉人头。这是一首抒情五言律诗,境界虽不阔大,但清新可读,稍有前人遗风。”

杨译:“Not yet divined the fate in store for me,

Good reason have I for anxiety,

And so my brows are knit despondently;

But she, as she went off, looked back at me.

My shadow in the wind is all I see,

Will she by moonlight keep me company?

If sensibility were in its power

The moon should first light up the fair one's bower.”

霍译:“Ere on ambition's path my feet are set,

Sorrow comes often this poor heart to fret.

Yet, as my brow contracted with new care,

Was there not one who, parting, turned to stare?

Dare I, that grasp at shadows in the wind,

Hope, underneath the moon, a friend to find?

Bright orb, if with my plight you sympathize,

Shine first upon the chamber where she lies.”

从译文形式上看,杨译和霍译都采用了英诗传统的抑扬格五音步,双句一韵,无可挑剔。在具体的细节处理上,两种译本各有千秋,杨译一如既往,忠实原文,简洁明要,但尾联“蟾光”一词化为“sensibility”,稍显突兀和随意。相比之下,霍译完全继承了英诗传统,用词、句法、节奏无不令人想到17~18世纪的英语诗篇,只是内容与情怀稍异。尾联拟人化处理,既照顾原诗,又衔接前文,令人击节,英语读者于霍译应有戚戚之心。

《红楼梦》亦多谚语俗曲,作者对生活观察入微,俗语常有警策之效,第一回中的“好了歌”当是代表之作:“世人都晓神仙好,只有功名忘不了!古来将相在何方?荒冢一堆草没了!……”

杨译:All men long to be immortals/Yet to riches and rank each aspires;/The great ones of old, where are they now?/Their graves are a mass of briars.

霍译:Men all know that salvation should be won./But with ambition won't have done,have done./Where are the famous ones of days gone by?/In grassy graves they lie now,every one.

两种译本工力悉敌,无可挑剔。然此处尤须注意:文化传统决定了翻译策略。中国人好道慕仙,此处“神仙”自然是“immortals”,而西方的基督教传统决定了“神仙”即“得救”,被上帝拯救。值得一提的是,霍译巧妙地利用了谐音“won”和“done”来对应中文的“好”和“了”,可谓神来之笔。

四、结语

一如曹雪芹的《红楼梦》原著,杨译和霍译两种译本妙笔生花,精微妙语,亦如原著一样传神。两种译本难分轩轾,虽然细读之下,定有殊异。杨氏深受中国传统文化熏陶,后来虽饱学西文,然骨子里仍是中国文化本位。杨译《红楼梦》以“信达雅”为标准,尤重信达,忠实原文,表达流畅,偏重直译,译文中保留了大量含有中国文化内涵的词语。就语言风格而言,由于杨氏偏向直译,可能使语言缺乏弹性,但在理解原文方面,杨译更胜一筹,因此可说杨译是完整、准确而忠实的。相比之下,霍译深受西方文化,特别是英国文学影响,在翻译中特别考虑了英语读者的接受度。如果以奈达的“功能对等”原则或钱钟书的“化境”标准来看,霍译无疑是成功的。霍译采取的策略也比较灵活,结合了直译和意译、归化和异化。在语言风格上,霍译更多地采用了英国传统文学,尤其是小说中的句法和用词,语言表达非常细腻,特别是诗词翻译可谓典雅传神,显示了作者深厚的学养和功力。《红楼梦》有这两种译本,既是作品的幸事,亦是世界读者之幸。通过对两种译本的对比分析,希望对研究《红楼梦》的学者和译者带来一定的借鉴。

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