生物质炭对烟草青枯病的防控作用及应用前景分析

2019-09-10 21:32王成己郭学清曾文龙陈庆河唐莉娜黄毅斌
南方农业学报 2019年8期
关键词:病原菌

王成己 郭学清 曾文龙 陈庆河 唐莉娜 黄毅斌

摘要:煙草青枯病是由茄科劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的土传细菌性病害,该病害分布广、危害重、毁灭性强,是热带、亚热带烟区的主要病害。生物质炭是生物质材料在厌氧高温条件下热裂解产生的高度芳香化的富碳物质,具有丰富的官能团、发达的孔隙结构和较强的吸附能力,对改善烟田土壤环境具有较大潜力,是减轻或抑制烟草青枯病的长效途径,具有广阔应用前景。文章结合国内外研究情况综述了农业、化学及生物等措施防控烟草青枯病的研究现状,认为单一的农业、化学或生物措施防控烟草青枯病的效果均不理想,农药或土壤改良剂对土壤、植株、牲畜及环境造成破坏,影响生态安全;综合防控措施可消除单一措施带来的短板效应。文章提出利用生物质炭定向调控烟田根际微生物、重建健康根际生态系统、减轻或抑制烟草青枯病的途径:(1)改善土壤理化性状;(2)提升土壤肥力;(3)改善土壤微生物多样性;(4)提高土壤酶活性。生物质炭通过调控土壤生境来改善烟草农艺性状,减轻或抑制烟草青枯病发生,同时促进烟草碳氮代谢,有效调控烟叶化学品质。生物质炭的农业应用可为全面解决烟草连作障碍提供技术参考。

关键词: 生物质炭;烟草青枯病;病原菌;土壤微生物区系;防控作用

中图分类号: S435.72                          文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2019)08-1756-08

The prevention and control effects of biochar on tobacco bacterial wilt and its application prospects

WANG Cheng-ji1, GUO Xue-qing2, ZENG Wen-long3, CHEN Qing-he4,

TANG Li-na5, HUANG Yi-bin6*

(1Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou  350013, China; 2Changting Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Changting, Fujian  365500, China; 3Longyan Tobacco Company of Fujian Province, Longyan, Fujian 364000, China; 4Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou  350013, China; 5Tobacco Science Research Institute, Fujian Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, Fuzhou  350003, China; 6Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou  350013, China)

Abstract:Tobacco bacterial wilt is a soil-borne bacterial disease caused by Ralstonia Solanacearum, which is a major disease in tropical and subtropical tobacco areas. It spreads widely and causes devastating damage. Biochar is a highly aromatic carbon-rich material produced by pyrolysis of biomass material under anaerobic high temperature. It has rich functional groups, developed pore structure and strong adsorption capacity. It has great potential to improve the soil environment of tobacco fields, and is a long-term approach to reduce or inhibit tobacco bacterial wilt. This paper reviewed the research status of agricultural, chemical and biological measures to prevent and control tobacco bacterial wilt at home and abroad. It was concluded that single agricultural, chemical and biological measures to prevent and control tobacco bacte-rial wilt were not ideal. The pesticides or soil amendment would damage the soil, plants, livestocks and environment, and affect ecology safety. Comprehensive prevention and control measures could eliminate the shortcomings brought by a single measure. The methods of using biochar to regulate tobacco rhizosphere microorganisms, rebuild healthy rhizosphere ecosystem, and reduce or inhibit tobacco bacterial wilt were put forward. The methods could(1)improve soil physical and chemical properties; (2)improve soil fertility; (3)improve soil microbial diversity; (4)improve soil enzyme activity. By regulating soil habitat, biochar could improve the agronomic properties of tobacco, reduce or inhibit the onset of tobacco bacterial wilt, promote the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of tobacco, and effectively regulate the chemical quality of tobacco leaves. The agricultural application of biochar can provide technical reference for the comprehensive solution of tobacco continuous cropping obstacles.

Key words: biochar; tobacco bacterial wilt; pathogen; soil microflora; prevention and control effects

0 引言

烟草是我国重要的经济作物,国家统计局的信息显示,2017年我国烟草种植面积为113.1万ha,烟叶产量为239.1万t,其中烤烟面积和产量分别为108.1万ha和227.9万t。烟草长期连作导致植烟土壤板结、pH失衡、有机质活性降低(Chen et al.,2018),加之我国主要烟区气温高、空气湿度大等环境因素,导致烟草土传病害在我国东南和西南烟区普遍发生,甚至在个别年份暴发流行(蒋岁寒等,2016)。烟草青枯病由茄科劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起,是一种分布广、危害重、毁灭性极强的土传细菌性病害,严重影响烟叶生产(Liu et al.,2015)。青枯病已成为热带、亚热带地区烟田的主要病害,在全球气温变暖的背景下,青枯病向高纬度、高海拔地区蔓延,对烟草生产造成极大威胁(孔凡玉,2003)。生物质炭(Biochar)是生物质材料在厌氧高温条件下热裂解产生的高度芳香化的富碳物质(Antal and Gronli,2003)。生物质炭的土壤改良与缓释效应使其成为调控土壤连作障碍(王成己等,2018b)及实施土壤健康管理的重要途径(刘晓雨等,2018)。文章在分析烟草青枯病成因及危害的基础上,剖析传统农业、化学及生物措施防治烟草青枯病的优缺点,阐释生物质炭防控烟草青枯病的途径和作用机制,为全面解决烟草连作障碍提供技术参考。

1 烟草青枯病的病原及致病机制

烟草长期连作导致植烟土壤营养元素、pH和微生态等严重失衡,连作障碍问题日趋严重(Li et al.,2014)。烟草土传病害的发生与根际土壤微生物数量、区系和群落结构密切相关,是根际土壤微生物群体相互作用的结果(施河丽等,2018)。植烟土壤营养元素含量与烟草青枯病有密切关系(黎妍妍等,2018)。郑世燕等(2014)研究表明,青枯病发病烟株根际土壤中交换性钙、有效硼、有效钼等矿質营养含量显著高于健康烟株根际土壤,土壤中有效钼、交换性钙含量可能是影响青枯病发生的关键土壤营养因子。而pH、磷、钾、钙和铜是对根际土壤细菌群落影响较大的土壤环境因子(施河丽等,2018)。

烟草青枯病是典型的土传细菌性维管束植物病害,主要发生在烟草根、茎和叶等部位,发病时由叶片萎缩到根系腐烂,最后整株烟草枯萎。病原茄科劳尔氏菌尽管在烟株维管束中蔓延扩增,但仍主要分布于土壤中。存活在土壤中的青枯菌通过土壤翻耕或灌溉、除草等途径传播到植株根部,然后从植物根部进入木质部,通过脂多糖识别寄主,产生胞外多糖造成维管束阻塞,与此同时分泌胞外蛋白酶降解细胞壁,导致寄主植物快速萎蔫(McGarvey et al.,1999)。青枯菌对土壤细菌群落的影响远大于烟株。因此,青枯病防治不能局限于烟株本身,应从植烟土壤入手加大防治力度(向立刚等,2019)。

2 烟草青枯病的防治措施

作为烟草生产最主要病害之一,烟草青枯病一直受到国内外科研人员的广泛关注,分别从农业、化学及生物学等角度开展了大量防控研究,并取得了一些重要进展。

2. 1 农业防治措施

(1)耕作措施。研究表明,不同种植模式(穰中文等,2018)、绿肥—烟草轮作(张超,2016)和稻草溶田(章文水等,2019)可增加土壤微生物多样性及土壤酶活性,改善土壤微生境,减轻或降低烤烟青枯病发病率和发病程度。深耕改变了土壤环境条件,切断土壤病虫害的传播途径,从而抑制土壤病虫的发生和繁殖(谢永辉等,2015)。(2)均衡营养。烟株营养状况与其抗病性密切相关,定期向烟株增施钼、钙等营养元素可增强烟草防御青枯病的能力(郑世燕等,2014)。施钾提高了植物木质化程度,使植物细胞壁、茎秆和叶片等功能器官变厚,从而提高植物抗病性(Wang et al.,2013)。施用钾肥增加烟草根际土壤微生物的多样性和益生菌数量,减少青枯病病原菌在土壤中的相对丰度(陈娜,2018);同时加快酚类物质合成,提高与抗病相关的总酚含量及叶片的钾含量,减少病原菌入侵(Dordas,2008)。(3)农事操作。平整烟地、调整烟草移栽时间等措施也能在一定程度上减少细菌及真菌性病害发生。

2. 2 化学防治措施

早期生产上主要依靠化学药剂来控制和减轻烟草青枯病危害,效果稳定且用于生产的药剂有链霉素、琥珀酸铜、青枯灵和自制石硫合剂等。李大鹏和朱三荣(2008)研究表明,药签插茎与灌蔸相结合的方法有助于防控烟草青枯病。陈泽鹏等(2011)研究表明,苯并噻二唑(BTH)具有显著的诱导抗病效应。72%农用硫酸链霉素和20%青枯灵也可有效抑制烟草青枯病的发作(赖荣泉和钟秀金,2015)。化学农药虽然能在短期内控制病害发生和传播,但过量使用化学药剂既损害烟叶品质又污染环境(李想等,2017)。一些抑制烟草青枯病的农药或土壤改良剂对土壤、植株、牲畜及环境造成破坏,影响生态安全。

2. 3 生物防治措施

内生菌作为烟草生长发育和代谢过程中不可或缺的一部分,在与宿主相互作用下形成相似或相同的功能(姚领爱等,2010)。苗期接种菌根真菌可有效防控烟草青枯病(曾维爱等,2011)。感染内生菌的烟草能增强其抗病原菌、害虫等生物抗性,是绿色、安全的生物防控技术(张梦旭等,2017;张鹏等,2017)。芽胞杆菌是土壤和植物微生态中的优势微生物种群,具有较强抗菌防病能力,一些优良菌株已成功应用于植物病害防治(姜乾坤等,2017)。从青枯病发病烟田中健康烟株根际土壤中筛选获得的XC4菌株(许大凤等,2016)、以及从烟田中分离出的解淀粉芽孢杆菌和甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(夏艳等,2014)对烟草青枯病均具有较好的防控效果。

3 生物质炭对烟草青枯病的防控作用

烟草连作障礙产生的根本原因是土壤微生态失衡,因此,利用生物质炭定向调控烟田根际微生物,重建健康根际生态系统,可增加土壤有益微生物,改善根区微生境(陈庆荣等,2016;王成己等,2017a),减轻或抑制烟草青枯病发生,并最终克服烟草连作障碍(王成己等,2018b)。

3. 1 生物质炭特性

生物质炭由生物质材料在厌氧高温条件下热裂解形成,生物质材料及炭化条件的不同,导致生物质炭的性质和施用效应也存在差异(邱良祝等,2017)。近年来,随着生物质热裂解技术及产业化水平的提高(潘根兴等,2015),社会各界对生物质炭特性的认知度也不断提高,农作物秸秆炭化还田—土壤改良技术得到深入研究和广泛应用(王成己等,2018a),成为土壤可持续管理的重要途径(陈温福等,2014)。

(1)物理特性。生物质材料热裂解后保留了原生物质的孔隙结构,从而使生物质炭具有较大的孔隙度和比表面积(Cornelissen et al.,2004)。不同材料和裂解方式对生物质炭比表面积影响很大,有的只有0.7~15.00 m2/g(Ozcimen,2010),有的每平方米可高达几百克(Chun et al.,2004)。在一定温度范围内,随裂解温度升高生物质炭比表面积增加,而产率降低、持水量减少(谢祖彬等,2011)。

(2)化学特性。生物质炭含有碳、氢、氧和氮等元素,碳的质量分数达38%~76%,磷、钾、钙和镁的含量也较高(刘玉学等,2009)。烷基和芳香结构是生物质炭中最主要的成分。施用生物质炭可提高土壤有机碳含量,且能为植物生长提供较多的养分。生物质炭一般呈碱性,在一定范围内,其pH随热解温度升高而增加(吴志丹等,2015;王成己等,2017b)。生物质炭含有的-COO-(-COOH)和-O-(-OH)等含氧官能团及表面负电荷赋予其改良土壤质量的巨大潜力(Wu et al.,2019)。

3. 2 生物质炭防控烟草青枯病的途径

在我国东南和西南烟区,烟草生长前期低温多雨,土壤湿度较大,是烟草土传病害发生的重要气候因素。土壤质地、通气状况、温度、湿度、pH及微生物区系是烟草青枯病发生的重要土壤条件。因此,利用生物质炭改善烟田土壤理化性状、土壤养分、土壤微生物多样性及酶活性,进而改善烟草农艺性状,是防控烟草青枯病的重要途径。

(1)改善土壤理化性状。在烟田施用生物质炭可降低土壤容重、改变土壤三相比(刘卉等,2018),增加土壤田间持水量、土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,增强土壤透气性(陈懿等,2015),促进烟草生根及前期生长(陈懿等,2017;刘卉等,2017)。土壤酸化促进土壤中铝的溶出,而土壤中过多的铝离子对烟草根系造成伤害,从而更容易被青枯病菌侵入致病。生物质炭呈碱性,可提高酸性土壤pH,降低土壤可溶性铝和有毒形态铝浓度(袁金华和徐仁扣,2010)。利用生物质炭修复酸化植烟土壤,保持烟株营养平衡,从而降低土壤中青枯病病原菌数量,有效控制烟草青枯病的发生(牛桂言等,2017)。

(2)提升土壤肥力。研究表明,添加生物质炭提高了烟田土壤有机质含量、pH和CEC(王成己等,2017a),增加土壤硝态氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,降低铵态氮含量(管恩娜等,2016),改善土壤微生态环境(张璐等,2019),增强烟株抗病能力(郑世燕等,2013)。

(3)改善土壤微生物多样性。健康和发病烟田土壤微生物群落结构存在明显差异,健康土壤微生物多样性(陈乾锦等,2019)及有益菌丰度、土壤pH和养分含量(施河丽等,2018)均高于发病土壤。青枯病是烟草生产中的毁灭性土传病害,通过改善土壤微生物多样性,提高羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的利用能力(胡瑞文等,2018),增加有益微生物群的繁殖来抑制病原菌增长,以有效降低青枯病发病率(孙思和王军,2015)。陈懿等(2015)研究表明,生物质炭可改变植烟土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,在改良植烟土壤微生态和调控烤烟生理特性方面具有积极效应。土壤微生物群落结构越丰富、多样性越高,对抗病原菌的综合能力越强(Bonilla et al.,2012)。已有研究表明,生物质炭可改善植烟土壤细菌群落多样性和组成(陈泽斌等,2018;任天宝等,2018),提高根际土壤细菌种类的多样性和分布的均匀程度(陈泽斌等,2018)及土壤微生物AWCD值和多样性指数(张璐等,2019),且烟秆炭对烟草根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响大于小麦秸秆炭(邵慧芸等,2019)。对比研究表明,施用稻壳炭和木屑炭均能改善烟田土壤微生物状况及其对碳源的利用(李成江等,2019),促进以羧酸类和多聚物类物质为碳源的微生物的生长(张璐等,2019),从而减少烟草青枯病的发生。

(4)提高土壤酶活性。施用生物质炭有利于提高烟株根系活力和根冠比(刘领等,2016),增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性和微生物量碳含量,减少氮素等营养元素流失(吴嘉楠等,2018),但对土壤转化酶和多酚氧化酶活性影响不显著(龚丝雨等,2017)。

(5)改善烤烟农艺性状。烟田添加生物质炭后烤烟株高、有效叶数、最大叶长(宽)和茎围等均有不同程度增加(肖和友等,2018),烟叶产量和上等烟比例增加,且烟叶炭效果明显优于烟草和玉米秸秆炭(李成江等,2019)。而刘月华等(2016)研究表明,稻壳炭对烤烟青枯病的防治效果好于烟秆炭,但前者降低了烟叶产量。此外,施用生物质炭可提高烟叶细菌群落丰度(夏体渊等,2017),促进烟草碳氮代谢,提高上部烟叶钾氯比及中部烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾含量、糖碱比和钾氯比,对烟叶化学品质具有一定调控作用(张弘等,2018)。

3. 3 生物质炭防控烟草青枯病的机制

烟草连作减少了烟田土壤有益微生物数量、改变了微生物群落结构,最终导致土壤微生态失衡。因此,调控土壤微生物区系是防控烟草青枯病的重要切入点。已有的研究表明,改善植烟土壤养分状况和微生物群落结构是生物质炭防控烟草青枯病的主要机理之一。鉴于此,将生物质炭用于烟草青枯病防控就变得切实可行,这也是生物质炭农学和环境效应的具体体现。土壤微生物指示生态系统功能变化为土壤性质变化提供依据,而土壤性质的变化反过来又对土壤微生态改善起到推动作用(王成己等,2018b)。基于此,笔者认为生物质炭防控烟草青枯病的机制为:(1)物理化学机制。生物质炭改善土壤孔隙结构,提高土壤保水保肥及养分固定能力,为土壤微生物提供丰富的养分和能量来源,从而增强土壤微生物活性,提高烟草抗病能力;生物质炭通过提高酸性土壤pH来提高土壤养分利用率和微生物活性,增强菌根生物功能,进而提高烟草抗病性。(2)生物学机制。生物质炭调控根区土壤有机酸和氨基酸含量,提高羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的利用能力,改善土壤微生态条件,提高土壤微生物数量及活性,促进有益微生物生长,从而抑制病原菌增长。生物质炭对土壤微生物和烟草生长产生积极影响,抑制土壤病原菌生长及对植物的侵染能力。

4 展望

烟草青枯病是典型的土传細菌性维管束植物病害,单一的农业、化学或生物防治措施对烟草青枯病防控效果均不理想,农药或土壤改良剂甚至对土壤环境造成破坏,通过传统方法防控烟草青枯病已近瓶颈。近年来,综合防控措施越来越受到关注,以消除单一措施带来的短板效应。生物质炭含有多种养分元素,具有丰富官能团、发达孔隙结构、较强吸附能力,对改善烟田土壤环境具有较大潜力。通过生物质炭定向调控烟田根际微生物,改善土壤微生境,重建健康的土壤微生物体系,抑制病原菌生长,是减轻或抑制烟草青枯病的长效途径。具体从如下几方面入手:(1)改善土壤理化性状。通过生物质炭改变土壤三相比及孔隙度,增强土壤透气性和田间持水量,促进烟草生根及前期生长,增强烟株抗病性。(2)提升土壤肥力。通过生物质炭提高烟田土壤有机质含量、pH和CEC,增加土壤硝态氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,降低铵态氮含量,改善土壤微生态环境,增强烟株抗病能力。(3)改善土壤微生物多样性。通过生物质炭提高发病植烟土壤微生物多样性及有益菌丰度,提高羧酸类和聚合物类碳源的利用能力,增加有益微生物群的繁殖来抑制病原菌的增长,以有效降低青枯病发病率。(4)提高土壤酶活性。通过生物质炭提高烟株根系活力,增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性和微生物量碳含量,减少营养元素流失。生物质炭通过上述途径改善烟草农艺性状,减轻或抑制烟草青枯病发作,同时促进烟草碳氮代谢,提高上部烟叶钾氯比及中部烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾含量、糖碱比和钾氯比,有效调控烟叶化学品质。

近年来,热裂解生物质炭产业化水平日趋提高,农作物秸秆炭化还田—土壤改良技术得到深入研究和广泛应用,已成为农业绿色发展的新途径。生物质炭在农业、能源和环境等领域的应用前景将会越来越广阔。

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