张月霞 张立营 赵权
[摘要]经济的日渐发展使人类生活习惯以及饮食结构不断发生变化,心脑血管疾病发生率也不断提升,对人类的生命和健康均造成了严重的威胁,受到了社会的广泛关注。心脑血管疾病是心脏血管和脑血管疾病的统称,泛指由于高脂血症、血液粘稠、动脉粥样硬化、高血压等导致的心脏、大脑及全身组织发生的缺血性或出血性疾病。血脂代谢紊乱引起的多种脂质水平异常,是导致心脑血管损害等多种疾病的重要因素,尤其是威胁50岁以上的中老年人的身心健康。本文综述了血清血脂水平与心脑血管疾病关系的研究进展。
[关键词]血脂水平;心脑血管疾病;高脂血症;研究进展
[中图分类号] R743 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)11(c)-0028-03
Advances in research on relationship between lipid levels and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
ZHANG Yue-xia1 ZHANG Li-ying1 ZHAO Quan2
1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Navy Qingdao Special Service Recuperation Center, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266071, China; 2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao 971 Hospital of the Navy, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266071, China
[Abstract] With the development of economy, people′s living habits and dietary structure have been changing constantly, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has been rising, which poses a very serious threat to human life and health and has attracted widespread attention of the society. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. They generally refer to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain and whole body caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Abnormal lipid levels caused by disorders of lipid metabolism are important factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, especially threatening the physical and mental health of middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between serum lipid level and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
[Key words] Blood lipid level; Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; Hyperlipidemia; Research progress
心脏血管疾病是心血管和脑血管疾病的总称,指的是由高脂血症、血液粘稠度、动脉粥样硬化和高血压引起的心脏、大脑和全身组织的缺血或出血性疾病。心脑血管疾病是一种严重威胁人类健康的常見疾病,尤其是威胁50岁以上的中老年人的身心健康[1-2]。
血脂中的主要成分是三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)和胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC),其中TG参与人体内能量代谢,而TC则主要用于合成细胞浆膜、类固醇激素和胆汁酸。临床上常用的化验项目主要有:TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1[Lipoprotein(a),ApoA1]、载脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B,ApoB)、脂蛋白a[Lipoprotein (a),Lp(a)]等7项。它们正常值为,TC:2.86~5.98 mmol/L;TG:0.22~1.21 mmol/L;HDL-C:0.9~2.19 mmol/L;LDL-C:<3.12 mmol/L;ApoA1:110~160 mg/dl;ApoB:69~99 mg/dl;Lp(a):10~140 mmol/L。血脂水平是临床密切监测的心脑血管疾病指标之一,也是各种心脑血管疾病的治疗靶点,血脂水平与心脑血管疾病密切相关。
1血清總TG与心脑血管疾病的关系
虽然尚没有足够的研究表明TG是一个独立的危险因子,但最新一项罗马地区的流行病学研究表明,TG在心脑血管疾病中的作用被低估了[3]。该研究收集了2000~2015年82 595例罗马地区接受治疗的患者,并有55 345例患者仍在随访中,发现曾接受过高TG治疗的患者只有8.3%发生了心肌梗死。有研究发现[4],高TG可促进血管内皮功能失调、泡沫细胞形成及诱发炎症反应参与动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的发生发展过程。TG增高还见于肥胖症、动脉硬化、梗阻性黄疸、重度贫血、甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病、肾病综合征、胰腺炎、心肌梗死、妊娠及口服避孕药、糖原储存障碍性疾病。
2血清总TC与心脑血管疾病的关系
以往研究表明TC是心脑血管疾病的危险因素之一,通过调节TC的治疗可预防冠心病的发生并降低患者死亡率[5-6]。一项对居住在英国的25 693例年龄40~79岁的男性和女性的前瞻性调查发现,TC外排能力与事件性冠心病事件成显著负相关,即当降低人体内总TC浓度时,心血管事件的发生率明显降低[7-8]。目前,对TC水平监测与调控在心脑血管疾病的预防、治疗中的作用已得到了临床的一致肯定。
3 LDL-C与心脑血管疾病的关系
LDL-C易导致心脑血管疾病,有研究表明,虽然通过他汀类药物治疗,患者LDL-C水平降低到目标水平,但患者心脑血管疾病的发病风险和死亡风险并没有降低,因此,目前关于血脂异常的治疗指南肯定了TC理论和LDL-C的核心意义,推荐LDL-C作为治疗的靶点[9-10]。多项临床试验和荟萃分析表明将LDL-C治疗至目标水平后可降低心脑血管疾病的发病率和死亡率,甚至可用于心脑血管疾病的复发判断,从而来指导临床工作[11-12]。在日常生活中,LDL-C常被冠名“坏胆固醇”称号。
4 HDL-C与心脑血管疾病的关系
临床研究和临床试验结果证明HDL-C水平与冠状动脉的风险成负相关[13-14],因此HDL-C被认为对心脑血管具有一定的保护作用。一项在美国和欧洲对398例患者进行的随机对照试验表明[15-16],增加HDL-C的浓度可减少心脑血管的风险。HDL-C通过HDL相关蛋白如对氧磷酶1(PON1)和载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(ApoA-Ⅰ)获得抗氧化性质。因此,HDL-C一方面抑制动脉粥样硬化的进展,另一方面促进斑块消退[12-13]。HDL-C经常被冠以“好胆固醇”称号。
5 Lp(a)与心脑血管疾病的关系
Lp(a)持续升高与心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑溢血有密切关系,是脑卒中和冠心病的独立危险因子[14-15]。Lp(a)具有高度遗传性,其血浆水平不受饮食,环境或大多数药物包括他汀类药物的影响[16],因此Lp(a)可预测心脑血管疾病的发生。大量资料表明[17-18],血清高浓度Lp(a)与心脑血管疾病有显著关系,特别是在心脑血管疾病中成为显著的独立危险因素。
6载脂蛋白与心脑血管疾病的关系
载脂蛋白是构成血浆脂蛋白的蛋白质组分,主要分A、B、C、D、E五类。基本功能是运载脂类物质及稳定脂蛋白的结构,某些载脂蛋白还有激活脂蛋白代谢酶、识别受体等功能[19-20]。一般来说载脂蛋白A[Lipoprotein(a), ApoA]是主要存在于高密度脂蛋白,高密度脂蛋白高对脑和心血管有保护作用,但载脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B, ApoB)主要存在于低密度脂蛋白,低密度脂蛋白是把TC从肝脏转移到全身,如果Apo B太高,会引起TC在血管中沉积,就容易导致血管硬化。因此,Apo A升高被认为是抗动脉粥样硬化因子,可移除TC,防止动脉粥样硬化的发生。Apo A家族包括ApoA-Ⅰ、ApoA-Ⅱ、ApoA-Ⅳ、ApoA-Ⅴ,而临床常用的血脂检测指标是ApoA-Ⅰ。ApoA-Ⅰ是HDL-C颗粒的主要组成蛋白质,故有研究表明[21-22],增加ApoA-Ⅰ的浓度,可以增加功能性HDL-C颗粒的数量,从而可降低心脑血管疾病的发病风险。与此相反,ApoB升高被认为是致动脉粥样硬化因子。是心脑血管疾病危险因素之一[23]。随机对照试验和大型前瞻性观察研究发现[24],ApoB和LDL-C提供了有关心脑血管疾病风险的等效信息。但当两者不一致时,Apo B是一项更为优越的指标,比LDL-C更能反映降脂治疗是否恰当,最新观点认为[25],Apo B应该代替LDL-C作为心脑血管疾病风险预测和临床诊断的生物学标志物。
7小结
高脂血症是体内脂类代谢紊乱,导致血脂水平增高,并由此引发一系列临床病理表现的病症。心脑血管疾病是60岁以上中老年人健康的常见病,但目前该病呈年轻化势态,越来越多的人在40岁左右甚至20多岁就有此病症,因此,降低血脂水平非常有必要。日常生活中,需要合理饮食,注重低脂肪、低热量、低盐饮食,并应以富含蛋白质、维生素及粗纤维食物为主。同时,应该适量锻炼,保持心平气和,尽量少生气,保持良好的卫生习惯,保证睡眠充足,定期体检等。
[参考文献]
[1]Saleheen D,Scott R,Javad S,et al.Association of HDL cholesterol efflux capacity with incident coronary heart disease events: a prospective case-control study[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2015,3(7):507-513.
[2]Kazemi T,Hajihosseini M,Moossavi M,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors and atherogenic indices in an iranian population:birjand East of Iran[J].Clin Med Insights Cardiol,2018, 15(5):261-272.
[3]Nordestgaard BG.Triglyceride-Rich lipoproteins and ather-osclerotic cardiovascular disease:new insights from Epidemiology,Genetics,and Biology[J].Circ Res,2016,118(4):547-563.
[4]Nordestgaard BG,Langsted A.Lipoprotein(a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease:insights from epidemiology,genetics,and biology[J].J Lipid Res,2016,57(11):1953-1975.
[5]Nordestgaard BG,Nicholls SJ,Langsted A,et al.Advances in lipid-lowering therapy through gene-silencing technologies[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2018,15(5):261-272.
[6]楊硕,乔蕊,贾珂珂,等.北京地区表观健康成人血脂水平的调查[J].中华检验医学杂志,2016,39(1):34-39.
[7]Volpe R,Nati G,Chiriatti A,et al.Hypertriglyceridemia,an underestimated cardiovascular risk factor:an epidemiological study of the Rome Area[J].High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev,2017,24(4):401-404.
[8]Do R,Willer CJ,Schmidt EM,et al.Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease[J].Nat Genet,2013,45(11):1345-1352.
[9]Hopkins PN,Heiss G,Ellison RC,et al.Coronary artery disease risk in familial combined hyperlipidemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia:a case-control comparison from the national heart,lung,and blood institute family heart study[J]. Circulation,2003,108(5):519-523.
[10]Nicholls SJ,Brewer HB,Kastelein JJ,et al.Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol:a randomized controlled trial[J].JAMA,2011,306(19):2099-2109.
[11]White CR,Datta G,Giordano S.High-density lipoprotein regulation of mitochondrial function[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2017,982(5):407-429.
[12]Von EA,Rohrer L.HDLs in crises[J].Curr Opin Lipidol,2016,27(3):264-273.
[13]Farbstein D,Levy AP.HDL dysfunction in diabetes:causes and possible treatments[J].Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2012,10(3):353-361.
[14]Meeusen JW,Snozek CL,Baumann NA,et al.Reliability of calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol[J].Am J Cardiol,2015,116(4):538-540.
[15]Sathiyakumar V,Park J,Quispe R,et al.Impact of novel LDL-C assessment on the utility of secondary non-HDL-C and ApoB targets in selected worldwide dyslipidemia guidelines[J].Circulation,138(3):203-212.
[16]Kastelein JJ.Lipids,apolipoproteins,and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment[J].Circulation,2008,117(3):3002-3009.
[17]Kontush A.HDL particle number and size as predictors of cardiovascular disease[J].Front Pharmacol,2015,116(4):538-540.
[18]Boden WE,Probstfield JL,Anderson T,et al.Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(24):2255-2267.
[19]Landray MJ,Haynes R,Hopewell JC,et al.Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients[J].N Engl J Med,2014,371(3):203-212.
[20]Gao S,Zhao D,Qi Y,et al.Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels independently predict 10-year progression of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis:a community-based cohort study[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2018,10(3):353-361.
[21]Charlton-Menys V,Betteridge DJ,Colhoun H,et al.Targets of statin therapy:LDL cholesterol,non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in type 2 diabetes in the collaborative atorvastatin diabetes study (CARDS)[J].Clin Chem,2009,55(3):473-480.
[22]Ying L,Zhang F,Pan X,et al.Complement component 7 (C7),a potential tumor suppressor,is correlated with tumorprogression and prognosis[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(52):86 536-86 546.
[23]Imamura T,Yamamoto-IbusukiM,Sueta A,et al.Influence of the C5a-C5a receptor system on breast cancer progression and patient prognosis[J].Breast Cancer,2016,23(6):876-885.
[24]宋菲,俞夢越,刘建茹,等.补体系统稳态对冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度的影响[J].中华检验医学杂志,2016,39(9):685-689.
[25]Boekholdt SM,Arsenault BJ,Mora S,et al.Association of LDL cholesterol,non-HDL cholesterol,and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins:a meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2012,307(12):1302-1309.
(收稿日期:2019-04-15 本文编辑:崔建中)