梁海峰 杨 明 韩 凌 陈 萍 李晓红 辛筱茗
高尿酸血症对合并系统性炎症反应综合征ACS患者PCI术后造影剂肾病的影响*
梁海峰杨明#韩凌陈萍李晓红辛筱茗
目的:观察血尿酸(UA)水平对合并系统性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后造影剂肾病(CIN)的影响。方法:276例接受冠状动脉造影+PCI的ACS患者,根据是否并发SIRS分为SIRS组(A组,n=77)和非SIRS组(B组,n=199);再根据血UA水平分别将A组分为高UA组(A1组,n=30)和正常UA组(A2组,n=47),将B组也分为高UA组(B1组,n=42)和正常UA组(B2组,n=157)。观察各组PCI术前血UA、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平及术后CIN发生率。结果:术前,A组、A1组、B1组UA、hs-CRP及IL-6水平分别高于B组、A2组和B2组(P<0.05),其中A1组最高。术后3天,A组、A1组、B1组CIN发生率分别高于B组、A2组及B2组(P<0.05),其中A1组最高。结论:高UA合并SIRS的ACS患者PCI术后易发CIN。
血尿酸;急性冠脉综合征;系统性炎症反应综合征;经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;造影剂肾病
随着介入诊疗技术的广泛开展,造影剂肾病(Contrast-induced Nephropathy,CIN)越来越常见,不仅延长患者住院时间,也增加医疗费用和死亡率[1-4]。目前,临床治疗CIN尚缺乏有效手段;早期筛查CIN危险因素和高危人群,成为减少CIN的关键[5]。长期以来,临床一般应用Mehran评分[6]预测CIN的发生风险,采用术前及术后水化、应用低渗性造影剂、控制造影剂用量和避免使用肾毒性药物等方法,以尽量减少CIN的发生。而对除此以外的其它危险因素和预防措施研究尚少。尿酸(UA)为嘌呤代谢产物,其水平升高见于痛风、肾小球肾炎等疾病,近年研究认为高UA水平可能是CIN的危险因素[7]。因而本文选择高血UA水平对合并系统性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后发生CIN的影响进行研究,为临床防治CIN提供新的思路。
1.1病例和分组
2014-01-2015-12,本科收住院ACS患者276例,男155例,女121例,平均年龄65.22±8.93岁。其中伴SIRS者77例,SIRS同时合并高UA血症者30例。ACS诊断符合国内指南[8,9]及全球定义[10,11],且排除以下患者:(1)年龄<20岁或>80岁;(2)估算肾小球过滤率(Estimated Glomerular Filtration rate,eGFR) <60ml/min/1.73m2;(3)左室射血分数<40%;(4)近两周发生急性感染;(5)有免疫性疾病且处于活动期;(6)恶性肿瘤;(7)应用主动脉球囊反博(Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump,IABP)辅助循环;(8)近一周内应用肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制剂或调整剂量;(9)两周内应用造影剂或有造影剂过敏史;(10)应用肾毒性药物史,如氨基甙类抗生素、环孢霉素A、两性霉素B等;(11)收缩压<90mmHg且持续1h以上或给予升压药物治疗;(12)PCI前48h未停用双胍类药物;(13)红细胞压积男性<39%或女性<36%;(14)经超声或肾动脉造影证实单侧或双侧肾动脉狭窄>50%。所有患者及家属均知情同意行PCI治疗。高UA血症诊断标准为男性UA≥417mmol/L,女性UA≥357mmol/L[12]。SIRS诊断根据Cincent等[13]介绍的标准:(1)体温>38℃或<36℃;(2) 呼吸频率>20次/min,或动脉血二氧化碳分压<32mmHg;(3) 外周血白细胞>12.0G/L或<4.0G/L或幼稚杆状细胞>10%;(4)心率>90次/min;符合2项及以上确定为SIRS。
ACS患者根据是否合并SIRS 分为SIRS组(A组,n=77)和非SIRS组(B组,n=199);再根据血UA水平将A组分为高UA血症组(A1组,n=30)和正常UA组(A2组,n=47),将B组也分为高UA血症组(B1组,n=42)和正常UA组(B2组,n=157)。A、B两组患者年龄、性别、吸烟比例、糖尿病史、高血压病史等无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
eGFR、造影剂用量和冠心病二级预防药物应用等的差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但A组不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)患者比例低于B组,ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者比例高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05 或P<0.01)。见表1。
表1 两组患者临床基本资料
1.2治疗方法
A、B两组患者均给予标准冠心病二级预防治疗,并按临床常规行冠状动脉造影+PCI。术前6-12h、术后12-24h均给予0.9%生理盐水(1ml/kg/min)静脉滴注水化治疗。造影剂均选用欧乃派克注射液(350mgI/ml,通用电气药业有限公司产品),最大剂量参照Cigarroa公式[14]计算[=体重(kg)×5/Scr(mg/ml)]。术前监测所有患者血UA、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平。术后3天通过肾功能检测评估CIN发生率。
1.3观察指标和方法
1.3.1血UA、炎性因子水平和肾功能指标测定:血UA、hs-CRP、IL-6和Scr检测:抽取患者前臂空腹静脉血,2h内3 000r/min离心20min,取血清,30min内保存在-80℃低温冰箱中,避免反复冻融。hs-CRP采用酶法或胶乳凝集反应法,IL-6采用ELISA,试剂盒均由加拿大LTD公司提供。血UA采用尿酸酶法,Scr采用苦味酸法,试剂均由中生北控生物科技有限公司提供,使用日本日立公司7600型全自动生化分析仪测定。
1.3.2CIN发生率:PCI术后48-72h,血Scr较基线值升高25%或达到44.2μmol/L诊断为CIN[15]。各组发生CIN例数与该组总例数百分比即为该组CIN发生率。
1.4统计学处理
2.1PCI术前各组血UA、hs-CRP和IL-6水平
PCI术前,A组血UA、hs-CRP和IL-6水平高于B组(P<0.05,P<0.01);A1组血UA、hs-CRP和IL-6水平高于A2组(P<0.05,P<0.01);B1组血UA、hs-CRP和IL-6水平高于B2组(P<0.05,P<0.01);各指标水平均以A1组最高。见表2。
表2 PCI术前各组间血UA、hs-CRP及IL-6水平比较
2.2各组CIN发生率
PCI术后3天,A组CIN发生率高于B组(P<0.01);A1组高于A2组(P<0.05);B1组高于B2组(P<0.01);以A1组最高。见表3。
表3 PCI术后各组CIN发生率(n,%)
在冠状动脉介入领域,CIN已成为继支架内血栓和再狭窄之后的又一难题。近年来,对CIN发病机制的研究主要集中在造影剂导致的肾髓质缺血性损伤,肾小管堵塞和对肾小管上皮细胞的直接毒性等方面。临床上引发CIN的因素较多,包括心功能、造影剂用量、肾毒性药物的应用等[16],但少见血UA对CIN影响的报道,尤其SIRS、高UA血症对CIN发生的影响研究甚少。本课题组前期研究显示,心脏缺血患者hs-CRP、IL-6高表达,PCI后发生CIN较多[12]。提示炎症反应导致冠状动脉斑块不稳定,诱发缺血事件可能增加其PCI术后CIN发生。Ridker等[17]也报道,接受PCI治疗的冠心病患者炎性因子水平与CIN的发生有一定的相关性。但高UA并发炎症反应与CIN的关系不十分清楚。
Meotti等[18]研究显示,高UA与炎症反应有一定的联系,但对于血UA水平对CIN的影响没有进一步阐明。本研究将接受PCI治疗的ACS患者根据有无SIRS和高UA血症分组,观察术前各组血UA水平和炎性因子hs-CRP、IL-6变化及术后CIN的发生率,结果表明,合并SIRS及高UA血症的ACS患者CIN的发生率最高(43.33%);而且该组患者术前炎性因子hs-CRP和IL-6水平与血UA水平同步升高,其原因和机制可能与高UA血症和SIRS的作用有关。Ruggiero 等[19]、Nozari等[20]的研究均提示,升高的血UA和尿酸盐结晶可以促使IL-1和IL-6诱导CRP升高,IL-6和CRP在心血管疾病和高UA血症之间起到调节作用,特别是升高的血UA通过抑制一氧化氮系统,激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,扩大炎症反应,增加氧化应激的活性氧成分,导致肾功能受损[21,22]。动物实验也显示,高血UA可促进CRP、IL-6等炎性介质释放,在分子层面促进炎症损害。激发系统性无菌性炎症[23-25];即使调整体质量指数(BMI)等混杂因素后,血UA与CRP水平仍呈正相关[26,27]。本研究中B组虽非SIRS患者,但炎性因子及CIN发生率均高于B2组,这可能是高血UA对炎性因子激活的结果,即升高的血UA不仅可能抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,收缩肾动脉造成肾脏损伤,同时通过激活炎性因子,影响机体内环境和肾脏代谢,增加CIN发生率。
综上所述,高血UA诱导的炎性因子高表达可能增加PCI术后患者CIN发生率。提示除了传统危险因素外,高血UA的直接作用及其对体内炎症反应的激活是CIN发生的又一重要因素,应引起临床的足够重视并对其进行早期干预,以降低CIN的发生。
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本文第一作者简介:
梁海峰(1975-),男,汉族,医学硕士,副主任医师,主要从事心血管疾病的临床防治
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Influence of Hyperuricemia on Contrast-induced Nephropathy in Patients with ACS and SIRS Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
LIANG Haifeng,YANG Ming#,HAN Ling,CHEN Ping,LI Xiaohong,XIN Xiaoming
Department of Cardiology,Fuxing Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University,Beijing 100038,China;#Corresponding author
Objective:To observe the influence of serum uric acid(UA) on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Method:A total of 276 patients with ACS undergoing coronary angiography and PCI were assigned to SIRS group (group A,n=77) and no-SIRS group (group B,n=199).Then,according to the level of serum uric acid,group A was assigned into hyperuricemia group (group A1,n=30) and normal serum uric acid group (group A2,n=47),group B also was assigned into hyperuricemia group (group B1,n=42) and normal serum uric acid group (group B2,n=157).The serum levels of hs-CRP,IL-6 and uric acid at pre-stenting and after PCI were detected.The incidence rate of contrast-induced nephropathy was monitored after PCI.Results:At pre-stenting,the serum levels of UA,hs-CRP and IL-6 in group A,A1 and B1 were significantly higher than group B,A2 and B2,respectively (P<0.05).The serum levels of UA,hs-CRP and IL-6 in group A was the highest.The 3rd day after PCI,the accidence rate of contrast-induced nephropathy in group A,A1 and B1 were higher than group B,A2 and B2,respectively (P<0.05).The incidence rate of CIN in group A1 was the highest.Conclusion:The hyperuricemia is a influential factor of CIN in patients with ACS and SIRS after PCI.
Serum uric acid; Acute coronary syndrome; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Contrast-induced nephropathy
北京市优秀人才培养专项课题 (2013D008007000001)
单位]首都医科大学附属复兴医院心内科,北京100038;#
,E-mail:Lianghaifeng_dty@126.com
本文2016-03-22收到,2016-06-13修回
R541.3R692[文献标识码]A
1005-1740(2016)03-0031-05