曹玉瑶,宋祎,陈凤敏,徐锦江
有氧运动对乳腺癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏的影响及相关机制
曹玉瑶1,宋祎1,陈凤敏1,徐锦江2
摘要:目的探讨有氧运动对乳腺癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏的影响及相关机制。方法60例根治术术后欲进行化疗的乳腺癌患者随机分为运动组和对照组,各30例。对照组给予常规护理。运动组除常规护理外,在化疗第1天开始有氧运动干预,直到化疗结束。使用Piper疲乏修订量表(RPFS)对疲乏程度进行评估。分别在化疗前、化疗结束和化疗后4周检测两组患者的血红蛋白(Hb)水平、最大摄氧量(VO2max)和RPFS得分情况。结果两组Hb水平在化疗前、化疗结束和化疗后4周差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);化疗结束和化疗后4周,两组Hb水平均低于化疗前(P<0.05)。化疗前两组VO2max和RPFS得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);化疗结束和化疗后4周,运动组VO2max和RPFS得分与化疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组VO2max低于化疗前水平,RPFS得分高于化疗前水平(均P<0.05)。结论化疗期间有氧运动能够有效缓解化疗导致癌因性疲乏加重的情况,这可能与有氧运动能对抗VO2max降低有关。
关键词:疲劳;肿瘤;体育和训练;血红蛋白类;氧耗量;癌因性疲乏;有氧运动;最大摄氧量;Piper疲乏量表
通迅作者E-mail:ll1h_xjj@126.com
癌因性疲乏(cancer-related fatigue,CRF)是癌症患者最常见的症状,是由癌症或癌症治疗引起的一种痛苦、持续、主观的乏力感或疲惫感,常伴有功能障碍[1]。CRF可发生在癌症和癌症治疗的各阶段,但在化疗阶段最突出。80%~90%接受化疗的患者都会出现疲乏症状[2],化疗能使CRF程度加重。目前,对于CRF的病因及发病机制尚不明确,可能与血红蛋白(Hb)水平降低[3-4]和机体运动适能下降[5]有关。2007年美国肿瘤护理学会循证医学小组研究认为运动是唯一有效的癌因性疲乏干预措施[6],但运动减轻CRF的机制尚不明确。以往的研究都是通过化疗进程全部结束后进行的运动干预来减缓疲乏。本研究在化疗第1天即开始有氧运动干预,直至化疗结束,通过运动前后Hb水平和最大摄氧量(VO2max)的变化及Piper疲乏修订量表(RPFS)得分情况来探究化疗期间有氧运动对乳腺癌CRF的影响及相关机制,为改善临床的治疗方案和护理手段提供科学依据。
1.1研究对象选取2014年3月—12月在辽宁医学院附属第一医院就诊并具有CRF症状的乳腺癌患者60例。入选标准:(1)年龄18~60岁,女性。(2)术后病情稳定,欲开始第1周期化疗。(3)无意识障碍及精神病史。(4)经RPFS测量显示具有CRF症状。(5)依从性良好,能配合治疗及各项检查。(6)签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)患有心肺疾患、影响运动神经、肌肉、关节的疾病及其他恶性肿瘤史。(2)患有精神疾病或认知障碍及语言表达缺陷。(3)术后有规律运动习惯(每周规律中等强度有氧运动≥3次,运动时间每次≥20 min)。
1.2方法
1.2.1分组及干预方法将60例患者随机分为运动组和对照组,每组30例。运动组:在医院常规护理的基础上给予有氧运动干预。(1)理论讲解,向患者及家属讲解CRF的相关知识,化疗期间的不良反应及饮食指导,介绍有氧运动的益处及重要性,并鼓励家属加入到研究中,对患者进行督促、监督和鼓励。(2)有氧运动方案,结合患者的自身情况,制定个性化的运动方案。有氧运动从化疗第1天开始,至化疗进程结束。运动强度为中等强度,即运动时心率达到最大心率的55%~65%(最大心率=220-年龄)[7];运动形式包括快步走、慢跑、上下楼梯、健身操等;运动频率为3~4次/周,运动时间为20~30 min/次。对照组:给予医院常规护理,不参与运动。
1.2.2评价方法本研究的评价结果包括Hb浓度、VO2max和RPFS得分,分别在化疗前、化疗结束和化疗后4周进行3次评价测量。(1)Hb水平:清晨静脉采血后送检。(2)VO2max:采用库珀的“12分钟跑”间接测定VO2max[8]。受试者以稳定速度尽力跑完12 min,12 min内完成的最远距离即为测试成绩。然后根据VO2max=35.97×距离(km)-11.29计算出VO2max。(3)CRF:采用RPFS[9]进行CRF程度评估。量表有22个条目,包括行为及严重程度(6个条目)、情感(5个条目)、感觉(5个条目)、认知及情绪(6个条目)4个维度。范围为0~10分,0~3分为轻度疲乏,4~6分为中度疲乏,7~10分为重度疲乏。
1.3统计学方法所有数据资料均采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行处理,以均数±标准差(±s)的形式表示,2组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析,组间多重比较采用SNK-q法,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1Hb浓度和VO2max的变化运动组Hb浓度在化疗前、化疗结束和化疗后4周与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);化疗结束和化疗后4周两组Hb浓度与化疗前相比均降低(P<0.05)。化疗前运动组和对照组VO2max差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);化疗结束和化疗后4周,运动组VO2max与化疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组VO2max与化疗前相比均降低(P<0.05),对照组VO2max均低于运动组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
Tab.1 The changes of Hb and VO2max表1 Hb和VO2max的变化 (n=30,x±s)
2.2RPFS得分情况化疗前运动组和对照组RPFS得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。化疗结束和化疗结束后4周,运动组RPFS得分与化疗前相比均无明显变化(P>0.05),对照组RPFS得分与化疗前相比均增高(P<0.05),对照组RPFS得分均高于运动组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表2。
Tab.2 RPFS scores in two groups表2 RPFS得分情况 (n=30,x±s)
3.1Hb和VO2max与化疗导致CRF的关系化疗是癌症患者术后最常用的辅助治疗手段,CRF是乳腺癌化疗患者常见的并发症。疲乏常开始于化疗之初,程度随化疗进程而加重,影响至化疗结束后很长时间。化疗能够导致贫血、骨髓抑制、白细胞减少及免疫功能低下等并发症,降低机体机能,进而导致或加重疲乏。有研究发现,在接受化疗的乳腺癌患者中,Hb水平相对较低的患者CRF程度相对较高[10],而Hb水平较高的患者CRF程度低[11]。Jacobsen等[12]的研究也表明在化疗后Hb水平低于120 g/L的乳腺癌患者中,Hb水平和CRF的严重程度呈明显的正相关。这提示化疗导致Hb水平降低可能是产生CRF的机制之一。化疗还能够损害患者的心肺功能,随着化疗的进行,患者的体力、运动适能等也相应下降。VO2max是反映机体吸入氧、运输氧和利用氧能力的重要指标,常用来评定人体运动适能水平。癌症化疗患者的VO2max比相同性别、相同年龄且无癌症史的人低30%[13]。VO2max的降低可能也是产生CRF的原因之一。本研究结果显示,化疗结束和化疗后4周,对照组Hb水平、VO2max与化疗前相比均降低,RPFS得分与化疗前相比均增高,这说明化疗能使机体Hb水平和VO2max降低,使CRF程度加重,且影响至化疗后。Hb水平下降和VO2max降低可能是化疗导致CRF加重的原因之一,这也与Dolan等[3-5]的观点一致。
3.2化疗期间有氧运动对CRF的影响及相关机制有氧运动是现阶段广泛应用的非药物干预措施,已经越来越多地应用到临床治疗和康复中去。有氧运动可以增强心肺功能、改善血液循环、促进全身新陈代谢、提高抵抗力。适当的有氧运动可以有效缓解化疗导致的CRF症状,且中等强度的有氧运动效果最佳[14]。有氧运动缓解CRF的机制尚不清楚,可能与有氧运动能增加Hb水平和改善VO2max有关。本研究结果显示,化疗后,运动组维持了化疗前的VO2max,CRF程度与化疗前相比无明显加重,而对照组的VO2max低于化疗前水平,CRF程度也由化疗前的轻度疲乏(1~3分)增加至中度(4~6分)或重度疲乏(7~10分)。这说明化疗期间的有氧运动对抗了VO2max的降低,保持了机体运动适能,控制了CRF程度的加重,这可能是化疗期间有氧运动缓解CRF的相关机制。化疗后,运动组和对照组Hb水平差异无统计学意义,且均低于化疗前水平,这说明化疗期间的有氧运动对Hb水平的效果不明显,这与以往有氧运动能增加Hb水平,进而缓解CRF的观点[15]不一致,也提示有氧运动对VO2max的保护效应不依赖于Hb水平的改变,这可能因为有氧运动是通过防止骨骼肌线粒体和需氧酶的损失,保持毛细血管密度来提高组织中的摄氧能力的。
研究中笔者发现,有氧运动后,运动组的CRF程度与化疗前相比并无明显缓解,这可能与受试者在化疗前CRF程度较轻有关。另一些学者也没有发现有氧运动对乳腺癌患者轻度疲乏的显著效果[15-16]。有研究指出,有氧运动对乳腺癌中、重度疲乏有显著效果[17]。Meneses-Echávez等[18]也发现运动锻炼能缓解中、重度CRF乳腺癌患者的疲乏程度。因此,对于未来乳腺癌患者CRF的运动干预研究,建议把CRF的严重程度考虑到运动方案的制定标准中。
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(2015-09-25收稿2015-12-04修回)
(本文编辑魏杰)
Effects and related mechanisms of aerobic exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
CAO Yuyao1,SONG Yi1,CHEN Fengmin1,XU Jinjiang2
1 Graduate School,Liaoning Medical University,Jinzhou 121000,China;2 Nursing Department,the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University Corresponding AuthorE-mail:ll1h_xjj@126.com
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of aerobic exercise during chemotherapy on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients,and related mechanism thereof.MethodsSixty breast cancer patients who underwent radical surgery were randomly assigned to exercise group and control group,30 patients for each group.Patients in exercise group received regular nursing care plus aerobic exercise during chemotherapy,while patients in control group only received regular nursing care.The revised Piper fatigue scale(RPFS)was used to assess the fatigue degree.Values of hemoglobin concentration(Hb),maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)and RPFS scores were detected before chemotherapy,at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy,respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in Hb concentration before chemotherapy,at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy between two groups(P>0.05).The level of Hb was significantly lower at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy than that before chemotherapy in two groups(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in VO2maxand RPFS score before chemotherapy between two groups(P>0.05).At the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy,there were no significant differences in VO2maxand RPFS scores than those before chemotherapy in exercise group(P>0.05).In control group,value of VO2maxwas significantly lower at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy than that before chemotherapy(P<0.05),RPFS score was significantly higher than that before chemotherapy(P<0.05).ConclusionAerobic exercise during chemotherapy can be effectively against cancer-related fatigue,which may be related to the inhibitory effect of aerobic exercise on debasement of VO2max.
Key words:fatigue;neoplasms;physical education and training;hemoglobins;oxygen consumption;cancer-related fatigue;aerobic exercise;VO2max;Piper fatigue scale
中图分类号:R737.9
文献标志码:A
DOI:10.11958/20150195
基金项目:辽宁省科技厅课题(2013225305)
作者单位:1辽宁医学院研究生院(邮编121000);2辽宁医学院附属第一医院
作者简介:曹玉瑶(1990),女,硕士在读,主要从事肿瘤护理研究