蔡惠汝
【中圖分类号】G633.41 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2014)07-0108-02 “导学案”是引导学生自主学习、自主探究的学习方案。自主学习策略的核心是要发挥学习的主动性、积极性,充分体现学生的认知主体作用,其着眼点是如何帮助学生“学”。导学案的编写目的是要促进学生有效学习,不仅要让学生学到知识,还要让学生知道怎样学,获得初步的语言学习素养,为终身学习奠定基础。本文将结合导学案设计的几个典型案例谈一谈导学案设计应遵循的原则。
一、创建新旧知识链接
导学案设计首先应注意新旧知识链接原则,巩固前测知识,构建知识链,突出新的知识点和关键点,须化解的难点。如,学习非限制性定语从句一课的案例设计,老师第一步呈现限制性定语从句的相关例句,所含定语从句的知识点要全面,可采用单句翻译法,汉译英或英译汉,挖空填关系代词或关系副词,让学生自主学习,再构知识体系,第二步呈现非限制性定语从句的语料,学生判断该类从句在形式上与前面的例句有什么差异,进而探究语言表达含义的差异,通过真实语料,感受两种定语从句在含义上潜在的区别。新旧知识链接主要是搭台阶让学生在原有知识积淀的基础上,依托旧知识学好新知识。Unit 8 Adventure Lesson 3 Marco Polo (北师大版)导学案案例片段:
1.旧知识巩固
2.知识链接
从课文中找出含有定语从句的例句,分类,并说出两者之间的区别。
3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别归纳
4.非限制性定语从句难点突破
①Another traffic accident has happened this month, ____ makes him deep in sorrow.
A. which B. that C. what D. as
②____ is known to us, our country has become one of the most influencing countries in the world.
A. Which B. That C. What D. As
二、知识整体性的构建
导学案区别于练习训练,它不能被设计成拼盘式的习题集。导学案应该有贯穿于始终的中心任务,有明确的目标,学习的重难点,围绕一个学习目标,分层递进,进行循序渐进的学习构建,突出重点,显示冲突,学习者通过导学案的引领,构建知识体系,在实践中提升能力。比如:北师大版模块六18单元第一课What Is Beauty课文阅读导学案设计,该节课的重点是学生学会运用阅读策略获取主要信息,并以此推断文章大意,同时学习议论文文体结构,学习议论文写作。文章共有六段,信息量大,如何教学生处理纷繁复杂的信息,正确理解语句的意思是这节课的难点之一;怎样把学习到的知识内化为能力,变输入为输出是另一个难点。要突破这两个难点主要有以下几个设计:1.设计活动,指导学生提取主要信息;2.设计问题,理解要点和难点信息;3.呈现议论文文体结构,让学生掌握文体结构特点;4.构思写作提纲,并通过交流来丰满写作内容。具体步骤:
1.关键词学习
Key Words: Describing Beauty
astonishing, attractive, awesome, beautiful, brilliant, elegant, good-looking, handsome, leave me breathless, lovely, a real masterpiece, perfect, powerful, pretty, scenic, superb, superior, a thing of great beauty, unbelievable
2.Intensive Reading 精读,获取信息
分三次细读:第一次尽量掌握课文信息;第二次在老师指导下理顺信息;第三次确定信息,读懂课文。老师主要用两个图表帮学生阅读。
3.Reading check阅读检测
课文各细节清楚后,用四个问题的提问形式,把作者的主要观点串起来,学生对文章所表达的信息从点到面都能掌握清楚了。这四道阅读理解题是按阅读策略几方面设计的,第一道主题归纳,第二道细节串连,第三道句子的语义理解,第四道结论归纳。题目如下:
1)What is the authors view on beauty?(D)
A. Beauty changes with time.
B. Beauty changes with cultures.
C. Beauty can be divided into two kinds.
D. Beauty has more than one dimension.
2)Physical beauty includes ____. (C)
a. body shape b. clothes c. body art
d. a health conscience e. personal qualities
A. abe B. bca C. abc D. bde
3)If we take the same view on beauty, the society will ____. (B)
A. get better B. not exist
C. live on D. be more harmonious
4)Judging a persons inner beauty is much more subjective because ____. (A)
A. a persons inner beauty cant be judged by only one thing.
B. it is easy for people to judge it
C. inner beauty can be judged by the look
D. people are good at judging a persons inner beauty
4.写作指导分为两部分:1.分析文章结构;2.写作指导。
1)分析文章结构
老师将议论文的文体结构呈现给学生,学生一起完成框架内容的填空。
Argument: There was no consistent view on beauty
Evidence:①physical beauty (time, culture)—no precise criteria
②Inner beauty(kindness, warmth, healthy conscience)—subjective
Conclusion: Beautiful is in the eye of the beholder.
2)写作指导
题目:①Students should wear school suits
②School suits are suitable for students
学生构思写作提纲,必须有三部分组成,论点、论据、结论,最后完成写作。
三、激发学生学习思维
激发学习思维是导学案的灵魂,培养学生形成正确的语言思维习惯是新课程重要目标之一。导学案设计要有一定的思维空间,能促进新问题的生成,拓宽知识纬度和深度,让学生在学习的过程中不断地产生问题,探究问题,解决问题。如:描写文写作指导导学案设计:
Make up a story according to the following guide.
Stage1. Make up two events with the words drawn from the boxes and complete the title.
Title:A ______(happy, exciting, romantic, funny, sad, embarrassing…) Day in __ s life
Stage 2 I. List the events in the order that they happened. Add one more event if you need.
II. Put the reason and feelings in your story.
Stage3 Use narrative skills
Task I. Add more details to each event by using vivid language. Task II. Think of the beginning sentence that can catch the readers attention successfully.
And expressions to share your feelings with the reader in your writing:
Task III. Brainstorm: linking words and adjectives you learned
时间:_______________________________
因果:______________________________________
转折:_______________________________________
其他:luckily, unfortunately, suddenly, guess what?
Adjectives:____________________________
四、活化知识,促进能力生成
导学案的设计不仅关注知识的学习与巩固,更要注重知识内化与运用的设计。复述或转述语言是输入性知识获得内化的体现。 如:一篇完形填空讲评的导学案设计(2013年泉州市高三质量检查)
1)将完形填空的语篇缩写后,在重要的语言点上留空,让学生填写,检查学生对语篇理解的深化程度。
My parents as well as I came to Irvine when I was a young child. I totally e____ living here and got along well with people around here. However, in my parents opinion, every day in Irvine was b____ but dull. Growing up in Irvine I could speak English as f____ as a native. But my parents werent able to a____ to the life like me since they have trouble c____ with others. Due to this problem I often worked as a translator between my parents and customers to get their words a____ to customers. It made me feel that I entered a world which was s____ to my parents when I stepped outside.
In terms of my mother, C____ was her home rather than Irvine. Nothing could ever d____ her unless it was something related to China. There were times I felt g____ about my own happiness in Irvine. I wondered if the idea that we came to Irvine was wrong.
2)在范文训练的基础上,学生自己再作二度创作,重述或缩写文章,将输入转换成输出,最终内化为能力。
五、学习后的反思与评价
评价是导学案重要的组成部分,“评价先于教学,评价与教学相融合”。课堂评价不仅关注学习过程评价,更要关注学习目标达成的评价。评价要有核心问题,指向明确,易操作,一方面要有助于老师了解学生学习情况,调整教学策略,提高教学效果,另一方面要有助于学生评价自己的学习效果,寻找差异,弥补缺漏。
如:描写文写作指导评价表设计
课堂教学导学案设计的五个原则是建立在课程目标关于综合语言运用能力的5个维度上,将语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识落实到导学案的设计里,符合新课改理念,有利于学生优化英语学习方式,使他们通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法,充分发挥自己的学习潜能,形成有效的学习策略,提高自主学习的能力;有利于学生在英语学习过程中,提高独立思考和判断能力,发展与人沟通和合作的能力。总之,导学案的设计不仅要包含语言知识和语言能力的元素,更要渗透学生语言思维能力的培养,为今后的发展奠定较扎实的、可持续性的基础。
参考文献:
[1]专著:崔允漷. 有效教学〔M〕上海:华东师范大学出版社,2012.P30
[2]教育部2008. 普通高中英语新课程标准(实验)〔M〕北京:人民教育出版社. P2-3
[3]电子文稿: 北京大学教育技术参考手册,数字化教学研究中心.2005-2008 2.8教學模式与教学策略选择
注:导学案部分案例选自于本市公开课