孙佳妮
摘要:文本基于《世说·言语》的汉英语料,从跨文化角度分析汉英两种语言之间的差异,深化对两种语言内部认识,对汉英翻译实践有指导价值。
关键词:翻译实践;汉英对比;跨文化
1 介绍
本文以《世说新语·言语》为研究样本,此书是《世说新语》的第二门,共108则。作者刘义庆,字季伯,南朝宋政权文学家。文本通过分析汉英语料,深化对于汉英两种语言差异的认识,为翻译实践提供理论支撑。
2.1原文
徐孺子九岁时, 曾经在月光下游戏,有人对他说:“假使月中没有东西,是不是应当特别明亮呢?”徐孺子说:“不对。 好比人的眼睛中有瞳仁一样,要是没有它,眼睛就一定不明亮。”
2.1译文
When Hsu Chih was in his ninth year he was once playing in the moonlight. Someone asked him,” If there weren’t any objects in the moon, wouldn’t it be a lot brighter? “ Hsi replied, “Not at all. It’s like the pupil in a man’s eye. If he didn’t have this, his eye certainly wouldn’t be bright.”
2.1这个段落当中,第一句话“曾经在月光下游戏”这个短句的主语就是徐孺子,但这里省略了主语,英文中把主语给补出来了,用的是he,这里的he实际上是对徐孺子的reference指代,在英文中常常用代词来指代前面出现过的人或物来避免重复[1],中文却不怕重复,但是这个句子省略了主语,由此可見在中文中省略主语是可行的,但在英文的语境中不可以省略主语。[2]
“好比人的眼睛肿有瞳仁一样”,这里同样缺乏了主语,在英文语境中补出了It这个代词,代替上文出现过的any objects in the moon来做主语。由此可见中文可以省略主语,但在翻译成英文时要补出主语。体现了英文行文更加严谨,中文较为含混不清晰。
此段最后一句话,在英文译文中使用了虚拟语气,更便于读者去理解意思。事实上在中文中的“要是…就…”就表达了一种假设,但我们只能通过理解这句话来了解语气,这就是为什么中文是意合的语言,而在英文中有明确if引导的虚拟语气,if是个提示词,这就是为什么我们说英文是一门形合的语言,究其本质还是要谈及英文行文较为科学严谨,上下文逻辑关系清晰;而中文多数比较笼统,含混,不清晰。连淑能(1993:48)[3]认为:所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。……所谓意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。
2.2原文
孔文举有两个儿子,大的六岁,小的五岁。一次趁父亲白天睡觉时,小儿子到床头偷酒喝。大儿子对他说:“为什么不行礼?” 小儿子回答说:“偷,怎么能行礼!”
2.2译文
K’ ung Jung had two children. Once when the older one was in his sixth year and the younger one in his fifth their father was taking a siesta, and the younger one, stealing some wine from the head of the bed, drank it. The older one said to him,” Why didn’t you perform the proper ceremony? “ He replied,” When it’s stolen, who performs rites?”
2.2第一句表达年龄时,都用了介词结构,in his sixth year/ in his fifth,英文中善用介词结构表状态,体现出英文是静态的语言。连淑能指出:“英文更多地使用名词、形容词和介词。在英文中,除了动词,抽象名词和介词也经常用来表达动作意义,因此英文相对而言更显静态。”(2006:54)[4]
“小儿子到床头偷酒喝”英文的译文逻辑性很强[5],因为偷酒的目的是为了喝,而偷酒只是喝酒的过程,所以把“偷”这个过程处理成了伴随性状语。中文中没有体现偷酒和喝酒的逻辑关系,体现出英文的逻辑性更强,且表达出了前后关系。
2.3原文
孔融被逮捕,朝廷内外惶恐不安。当时孔融的儿子大的九岁,小的八岁。两个孩子依然在地上玩琢钉游戏,毫无畏惧之色。孔融对使者说:“希望只加罪于我个人,两个孩子能不能保全?”儿子从容进言道:“大人可曾见过倾覆的鸟巢之下,还有完整的鸟蛋吗?”不久两个孩子也被抓了起来。
2.3译文
When Kung Jung was apprehended those both inside and outside the court were panic-stricken. At the time Jung’s older son was in his ninth year, and the younger in his eighth. The two boys continued as before their game of throwing spikes without the slightest agitation showing in their faces. Jung said to the officer who had come for him,” I trust the punishment ceases with my own person. May my two sons be spared? “ The sons came forward gravely and said,” Father, would you expect to find any unbroken eggs under an overturned nest?” In a short while officers came to apprehend them as well.
2.3第一句话应该理解为“当孔融被逮捕的时候…”,英文行文中把这句话处理为时间状语能够让读者对上下文的逻辑关系了解的更透彻;中文中的结构看不出逻辑关系,说明中文是意合的语言而英文是形合的语言。“惶恐不安”是个构词法,在这里英文语境中用作标语,类似的用法“饱经风霜的”就是weather-beaten,通常在英文中没有对应的词时,就会采用构词法,而词组和短句我们则采用解释性的翻译法。
“两个孩子能不能保全?”中文中是个问句,实际上带有一种希望得到他人肯定回答的语气,英文的表达十分贴切,“May my two sons be spared?”是希望他的孩子被放过一马。中文的表达相较于英文比较不清晰而英文的逻辑性更强,并通过May这个提示词可以看出英文是形合的语言而中文是意合的语言。
“大人可曾见到倾覆的鸟巢之下,还有完整的鸟蛋吗?”的译文体现了较强的翻译思想,语序改变了,先说能够期望找到完整的鸟蛋,后面再加之状语:在倾覆的鸟巢之下。通常在英文的表达都是主句先行,开门见山;而在中文中状语先行,重点放在后面来说。[6]
2.4原文
祢衡被魏武(曹操)贬为鼓吏,正月十五试鼓,祢衡扬起鼓槌击奏《渔阳掺过》,鼓声渊渊,有钟磬之声,满座宾客被感动得神情都变了。孔融说:“祢衡之罪与古代刑徒傅说相同,却没能激发明君思贤之梦。”魏武感到惭愧,而赦免了他。
2.4译文
Mi Heng was once degraded by Ts’ ao Ts’ ao to become a drummer. In the middle of the first month, at the time of reviewing the drums, Heng lifted his drumstick and played the” Yi-yang Drum-roll.”Yianyian! It rang with the sound of metal and stone, and those seated round about were all deeply affected by it. K’ ung Jung said to Ts’ ao Ts’ ao,”Mi Heng’s punishment is like that of the chain-gang slave Fu Yieh, but unlike Fu he has not been able to appear in Your Highness’s dreams.” Ts’ ao Ts’ ao was ashamed, and pardoned him.
2.4正月十五的翻译为“in the middle of the first month”为解释性的翻译,因为在英文的语境中没有“正月”的概念,并且此处翻译成了时间状语,“在正月十五那一天”。
“It rang with the sound of metal and stone”, 介词结构表达这声音是用钟磐发出的,是中文“有”的译法,体现了英文善用介词结构代替动词,英文是静态的语言;而中文善用动词,是动态的语言。后半句话“and those seated round about were all deeply affected by it”表并列,用and连接,并且英文中补出了宾语it,指代的是上文提到过的鼓声,可见英文中不可省略宾语,而中文卻可以省略宾语[7]。
“Mi Heng’s punishment is like that of the chain-gang slave Fu Yieh, …”英文中补出了that of体现了英文的逻辑严密性,这里应该是把祢衡之罪与傅悦之罪来比较,而不是用祢衡之罪与傅悦本人来比较。体现了中文逻辑含混,不清晰;英文逻辑性强。
后半句英文中补出了“却没能激发明君思贤之梦”的主语是祢衡,英文中用代词替代祢衡做了主语。表明英文中必须要补出主语;而中文是可以省略主语的。这句话中的英文翻译并没有直译“激发”,而是用了介词结构“in your highness’s dreams”体现了英文善用介词结构是静态语言;而中文善用动词,是动态语言。
3 总结
基于对上述材料的分析,可以看出汉英语言之间的差异主要体现在:意合形合,主宾语省略,句法结构,动态静态等方面。要想做好翻译实践,一定要对源语与译入语有清晰的认识,理解也是一种翻译,刘宓庆(2001: 280)[8]认为:“翻译过程始于意义把握,终于意义表达,始终以意义为中心,一步一步推进”。可只有对两种语言内在逻辑烂熟于心,加上持之以恒的练习,就能使得翻译实践有质的飞跃。
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