舒艳子 陈星 张秀果
【摘要】 目的:探究妊娠晚期B族鏈球菌感染(GBS)患者敏感性抗生素预防性治疗时机对母婴结局的影响。方法:选取2019年4月1日-2020年3月31日在本院收住的GBS感染者70例为研究对象,将其分为A、B组,每组35例。A组于妊娠35~37周给予青霉素G预防治疗,B组于临产或胎膜早破后给予青霉素G或氨苄青霉素治疗,并以2018年4月1日-2019年3月31日在本院行产检并确诊GBS感染者但未进行抗生素治疗的孕妇35例为C组,比较三组母婴不良结局发生率、自然分娩率、分娩时间及产后出血量,比较三组给药前后凝血功能[血清纤维蛋白原水平、凝血酶原时间(PT)]。结果:A组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率低于C组(P<0.05),B、C组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组的自然分娩率高于C组,分娩时间短于B组、C组,产后出血量少于B组、C组(P<0.05),B组分娩时间短于C组,产后出血量少于C组(P<0.05);分娩后,A组血清纤维蛋白酶原含量低于B组、C组,PT值小于B组、C组(P<0.05),分娩后,B组PT值小于C组(P<0.05)。结论:在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周基于抗生素预防,可降低产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率,减少产后出血量,改善凝血功能。
【关键词】 妊娠晚期 B族链球菌感染 敏感性抗生素 治疗时机
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of the timing of prophylactic treatment with sensitive antibiotics on the outcome of pregnant women with group B streptococcus infection (GBS). Method: From April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020, 70 patients with GBS infection in our hospital were selected as the study objects, they were divided into groups A and B, 35 cases in each group. Group A was given Penicillin G prophylactic treatment at 35-37 weeks of gestation, group B was given Penicillin G or Ampicillin after parturition or premature rupture of membranes, 35 pregnant women with GBS infection diagnosed in our hospital from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 were taken as group C to compare the incidence of adverse maternal and infant outcomes; the natural delivery rate, delivery time and postpartum delivery time of the three groups were compared Blood loss, blood coagulation [serum fibrinogen level, prothrombin time (PT)] before and after administration were compared among the three groups. Result: The incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome in group A was lower than that in group C (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05); the natural delivery rate in group A was higher than that in group C, the delivery time was shorter than that in group B and group C, the postpartum hemorrhage was less than that in group B and group C (P<0.05), the delivery time in group B was shorter than that in group C, and the postpartum hemorrhage was less than that in group C (P<0.05). After delivery, the serum fibrinogen content in group A was lower than that in group B and C, and the PT value in group B was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). After delivery, the PT value in group B was lower than that in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: antibiotic based prophylaxis can reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome, reduce postpartum hemorrhage and improve coagulation function in patients with GBS in the third trimester.
[Key words] Late pregnancy Group B streptococcal infection Sensitive antibiotics Timing of treatment
B族链球菌(Group B streptococcus,GBS)是导致妊娠期妇女生殖道感染的主要致病菌,不仅会引起母婴垂直感染,导致新生儿早、迟发感染的出现,还会诱发产妇败血症及新生儿脑膜炎,具有较高的致死率,严重威胁了产妇及新生儿的生命安全[1-2]。有报道指出,GBS患者妊娠晚期出现早产及新生儿感染的概率远高于正常产妇[3-4]。目前常采用青霉素G或氨苄青霉素等抗生素治疗GBS妊娠晚期患者,可通过抑制GBS生存及繁殖来起到降低不良事件的发生率,但不同治疗时机可能会导致治疗疗效存在差异。本研究通过对比35~37周及临产产妇应用抗生素治疗的临床效果,旨在探究治疗时机对患者母婴结局的影响,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2019年4月1日-2020年3月31日在本院收住的GBS感染者70例为研究对象,将其分为A、B组,每组35例。A组于妊娠35~37周给予青霉素G预防治疗,B组于临产或胎膜早破后给予青霉素G或氨苄青霉素治疗,并以2018年4月1日-2019年3月31日在本院行产检并确诊GBS感染者但未进行抗生素治疗的孕妇35例为C组。(1)纳入标准:①经阴道GBS培养确诊为GBS患者[5];②单胎妊娠。(2)排除标准:①其他感染性疾病患者;②多胎妊娠者;③入组前1个月内有抗菌药物应用史者;④肝肾功能异常者;⑤对本研究药物过敏者;⑥严重血液疾病患者;⑦严重妊娠合并症者。所有患者均知情同意并签署同意书,研究经本院伦理委员会审核通过。
1.2 方法 A、B组产妇均于术前接受抗生素药敏试验。A组于35~37周给予抗生素预防治疗:青霉素G(生产厂家:石药集团中诺药业有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20033291),500万U/d,静脉滴注,分2~4次,共治疗5 d。B组于临产或胎膜早破后给予抗生素治疗:青霉素G500万U或氨苄青霉素(生产厂家:成都倍特药业股份有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H13021726)2 g,加入250 mL 0.9%氯化钠注射液,静脉滴注,然后给予250万U青霉素G或1 g氨苄青霉素治疗,4 h/次,直至分娩。C组未接受抗生素治疗。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准 (1)母婴不良妊娠结局:于产妇生产后,比较三组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率。新生儿不良妊娠结局:胎儿生长受限、胎儿窘迫、宫内感染、新生儿侵袭性疾病;产妇不良妊娠结局:胎膜早破、产褥感染、早产。(2)比较三组患者自然分娩率、分娩时间及产后出血量。(3)凝血功能:比较三组治疗前及分娩后血清纤维蛋白原含量及PT值,采集患者5 mL静脉血,离心分离血清,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清纤维蛋白原含量;将已采集的静脉血加入含有1/10体积0.109 mol/L枸橼酸钠抗凝液的硅化玻璃管中,离心10 min,转速为3 000 r/min,用试管取上层液体0.1 mL,于37 ℃下孵育2 min,在试管中加入凝血活酶0.2 mL,混匀,用秒表记录凝血酶原时间(PT)。
1.4 统计学处理 使用SPSS20统计软件进行数据处理,计量资料采用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料采用率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组基线资料比较 A组年龄21~38岁,平均(29.15±4.29)岁;生产次数0~2次,平均(0.97±0.42)次;孕周35~37周,平均(36.02±0.49)周。B组年龄20~39岁,平均(29.64±4.16)岁;生产次数0~2次,平均(1.02±0.47)次。C组年龄20~36岁,平均(29.11±4.04)岁;生产次数0~2次,平均(1.07±0.41)次。三组在年龄、生产次数方面对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 三组母婴不良妊娠结局发生情况比较 A组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率均低于C组(P<0.05),B、C组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1、2。
2.3 三组凝血功能指标比较 三组治疗前血清纤维蛋白原含量及PT值對比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);分娩后,A组血清纤维蛋白原含量低于B组、C组,PT值小于B组、C组(P<0.05);分娩后,B组PT值小于C组(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 三组自然分娩率、分娩时间、产后出血量比较A组的自然分娩率高于C组(P<0.05);A组分娩时间短于B组、C组,产后出血量少于B组、C组(P<0.05);B组分娩时间短于C组,产后出血量少于C组(P<0.05),见表4。
3 讨论
GBS为无乳链球菌,为兼性厌氧的革兰阳性链球菌,正常寄居于阴道和直肠,属于条件致病菌[6-7]。因孕期免疫力降低,孕妇受GBS感染的危险性大大增加[8],另外,GBS可在孕妇生殖道逆行至宫腔,进而可能导致产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局的发生[9]。有研究指出,在GBS患者妊娠第35~37周给予抗生素治疗,可起到降低母婴不良妊娠结局的发生率[10-12]。对GBS患者妊娠35~37期给予抗生素治疗,可减轻或消除GBS引起的炎症反应,降低尿路感染、宫内膜感染、胎膜感染等感染相关疾病的发生率,进而可降低不良妊娠结局发生率。本研究中,A组产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率低于C组(P<0.05),表明对妊娠晚期GBS患者第35~37周给予抗生素治疗,可降低母婴不良结局发生率,与上述研究一致。
GBS是导致严重围生期感染最主要的致病菌之一,随着妊娠时间的推移,可导致绒毛膜羊膜炎和胎膜早破的发生,不利于正常妊娠的进行[13]。有报道指出,及时发现并尽早治疗GBS感染,对减少母婴发病及提高自然分娩率具有重要意義[14-15]。对GBS患者尽早给予抗生素治疗,可改善阴道内环境,并促进生殖器官功能的恢复,可促进正常妊娠的进行,进而可提高自然分娩率。本研究发现,A组的自然分娩率高于C组,分娩时间短于B组、C组,(P<0.05),说明对妊娠晚期GBS患者第35~37周给予抗生素治疗,可提高自然分娩率,缩短分娩时间。Mengist等[16]研究选择不同时机对妊娠晚期GBS患者给予抗生素治疗,进一步证实了在患者35~37周时给予预防治疗,可提高自然分娩率,与本研究结构相同。
GBS感染会引起全身炎性反应,造成组织损伤的出现,导致孕妇血浆中凝血因子及激肽释放原水平异常,进而导致其出现凝血功能障碍[17-19]。对GBS患者尽早给予抗生素治疗,可在一定程度上降低阴道及直肠内GBS带菌量,进而减轻炎症反应,改善凝血功能。本研究中,A组血清纤维蛋白酶原含量低于B组、C组,PT值、产后出血量小于B组、C组(P<0.05),说明在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周给予抗生素治疗,可改善其凝血功能,与Amy等[20]研究结果相同。
综上所述,在妊娠晚期GBS患者35~37周基于抗生素预防,可降低产妇及新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率,减少产后出血量,改善凝血功能,另外,抗生素预防治疗虽能控制GBS感染,但往往会加剧产道内其他耐药菌感染,不利于产妇妊娠,因此需根据产妇情况决定治疗时机。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-03) (本文編辑:周亚杰)