海南
国内外研究表明:思维导图有助于教学。它被很多教师掌握并应用在教学中,且收效很好。将思维导图运用于英语写作教学之中,能引导学生理顺文章的结构,有效地培养学生用英语获取信息和处理信息的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力。思维导图在高中英语写作中的应用只是海南省教育科学“十三五”规划重点课题《运用“思维导图”提升高三英语复习效率研究》(QJH201710084)的一部分。此文建立在高三英语复习实践操作的基础上,将思维导图应用在写作中,进而提高学生的英语书面表达能力,为提升英语复习效果打下坚实的基础。
作文在英语试卷中所占分值很高,但大多数学生的作文得分并不尽如人意。一般学生写作文都是想到什么就写什么,没有逻辑性,能写出来的相关内容很少还很容易跑题,有新意就更是不可能了。在写作教学中运用思维导图帮助学生提升写作能力的效果很好。以前教师在进行写作教学时,更多的是把重点放在语言层面。但事实上,没有好的文章结构,即使作文有高级的词汇或句式,也不能算作好的作文,也得不了高分。有了良好的语言基础,学生还需要从以下三方面入手提升英语写作能力:(1)信息筛选:在短时间内筛选出合理的写作要点;(2)逻辑关系:理清要点之间的逻辑关系;(3)谋章布局:篇章布局合理,要点清晰 。笔者在教学实践中发现,思维导图作为一种已被证实的有效的思维工具,可在写作教学中帮助学生提升写作能力。
现以邀请信为例,阐述如何运用思维导图来提升学生的写作能力。具体步骤如下:
以往,学生在作文中用单个词汇较多,用短语较少。所以,笔者利用brainstorm的方法让学生以小组为单位,列出写邀请信需要用到的短语。在小组活动中,学生热情很高,很快就把相关的短语用思维导图一一列举出来。如图1所示:
图1 邀请词汇图
呈现作文范例,并教会学生如何审题。
作文如下:假定你是李华,你是学生会主席。端午节在即,你校将于5月25至30日在广州沙面举行龙舟赛(Dragon Boat Race)。请根据以下内容给姐妹学校剑桥中学(Cambridge High School)写一封邀请信。
(1)写作目的;
(2)活动时间、地点和意义;
(3)回复时间:4月15日前。
设计说明:利用思维导图结构清晰明了的特点教会学生写作前做到三审:审任务,审目的,审内容。并用思维导图一一列出。如图2所示:
图2 三审图
① I’m Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union.② On behalf of our school, I sincerely invite you to join in the Dragon Boat Race organized by us.
①Lasting 5 days from May 25th to May 30th, the race will take place in Sha Mian, Guangzhou.②The race is not only exciting and inspiring, but also rich in symbolic meaning.③ The traditionally-held activity conveys Chinese people’s wish to show their respect and admiration to the great poet, Qu Yuan,which enables us to better inherit our traditional culture and pass on its spirit.④With the hope that our students can have further communication with your students as well as learning the spirit of cooperation, I sincerely wish you could accept our invitation and we together make it an educational and farreaching acitvity.
① In order to get everything perfectly prepared, I’ll be extremely grateful if you could give us your reply before April 15th.②Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
设计说明:运用思维导图帮助学生了解文章结构,为接下来的写作打下基础。如图3所示:
图3 原文的结构和思路
一般来说,学生的作文都是三段式文章,第二段是文章的重点段落,然而学生往往写不好这个重点段落。现利用思维导图引导学生对重点段落进行有效拓展。如图4所示:
图4 细节拓展的三个维度
以下是对写作范文的拓展,让学生以小组为单位找出哪部分拓展是该作文的有效拓展并说明理由。
拓展1:活动的内容
1.Besides, all the participants will receive a secret present designed by our school.What maybe deserve your attention is that we also invite some schools with good reputation as well as yours, intending to offer students a chance to share learning experience with each other.
2.The Race will be held from May 25th to May 30th in Sha Mian.More than 20 excellent teams have been invited to take part in it.The team which arrives at the finish line first will gain the first prize.
拓展2:活动的意义
1.Besides eating Zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival, we will also hold the race, because we want to show our respect for a great poet Qu Yuan, who threw himself into the river.And people threw rice into the river in case the fish would eat his body.
2.The Dragon Boat Race is designed to honor and remember Qu Yuan, a talented poet with a strong and noble personality.The Race can not only broaden the students’horizons, but also strengthen the friendship between our school and your school, Cambridge High School.
之后,利用思维导图总结有效拓展的规则,如图5所示:
图5 有效拓展的四个维度
经过上面的训练,学生已基本掌握了文章的结构及写邀请信会用到的短语。这时,笔者让学生借鉴范文的篇章结构来完成一篇新的邀请信。
作文如下:假如你是李华,你是学生会主席。你校将于元旦在学校体育馆组织一次义卖。请根据以下要点给你校外教John写一封邮件,邀请他一同参加。邮件内容包括:
(1)活动介绍(时间、地点、物品等);
(2)活动意义;
(3)盼望回复参与意向。
1.审题
二人一组完成审题并填写图6三审图,只有审好题,学生后面的写作部分才不会跑题。
图6 三审图
2.利用思维导图,引导学生为本作文建立写作框架,进而培养学生的写作思维。如图7所示:
图7 写作思维导图
3.让学生以小组为单位利用思维导图填出写作可能需要的句型,为写作提供高级句型。如图8所示:
图8 写作可能需要的句型图
4.针对该作文进行有效拓展
为了帮助学生写好第二段并做到有效拓展,笔者为学生提供了义卖的相关图片,使学生在对重点段落进行拓展时有话可写。
5.高效写作
为了降低写作难度,笔者利用思维导图引导学生理顺出邀请信的模板,使写作能力较差的学生写有所依,努力培养学生《普通高中英语课程标准》中所提倡的“用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。学生在思维导图的辅助下,进行构思着手写初稿。如图9所示:
图9 邀请信模板
6.评价交流
笔者提供书面表达小组互评清单,让学生根据思维导图二人一组,打分评价,互相交流。学生立即热烈地讨论起来,并认真地提出建议,找出作文的优缺点。尽管学生不一定能找出所有错误,但笔者认为,让学生评价可以提升学生发现、判断和纠正语言错误的能力,进而提升学生的写作能力。如图10所示:
图10 书面表达小组互评清单
利用思维导图来做课堂总结直观、形象,如图11所示:
图11 一篇好作文的四要素
下面摘录几个学生的作文。第一篇是一位学习成绩优秀的夏同学写的作文,内容涵盖所有的要点,表达准确,意思连贯,符合逻辑,基本能达到写作评分第一档的要求。
How is going recently? I am Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union.It is a meaningful charity that will be organized by our school.I think it is worth to participate in this activity.So on behalf of our school, I am writing to invite you to join us.
Here is a brief schedule about this activity.First and foremost, the charity will be held at the school stadium from January 1st to 3rd.There are all kinds of things will be sold,such as books, earphones and so on.In addition, the charity is aimed at recycling the subjects, making use of our resources.Not only can it assist the poor who live in the poor area, but also devote our love.Last but not least, I sincerely hope you can accept our invitation again.
Looking forward to your reply.
第二篇是一位学习成绩中等的杨同学写的作文,虽然用词和组句都比较简单且存在一些语法错误,但写作思路很清晰,无论从文章整体结构还是从遣词造句来看,都比其以前的作文提高了很多。
I am Li Hua, president of the charity’s club of our school.I am writing to invite you to attend our activity on New Year’s Day.We would feel honor if you could come and join us.
The charity will be organized by our school’s club, which will be held in the school stadium.Lasting 3 days from January 1st to 3rd.What’s more, the most funny is that there will be a variety of activities, such as using a low price to get something we need.The charity not only can enrich our life and broaden our horizons, but also can do meaningful things, which be benefit to help others.
I all hope that you can come and I sincerely hope that you accept our invitation.Please let me know your decision if it is convenient of you.
以前,学生害怕写英语作文,不知道从哪下手写,也不知道用哪些词语来写。如今,在思维导图的引导下,学生已做到句式和表达多样化,写出的文章思路清晰、要点齐全。学生对这样的写作课非常感兴趣,他们积极参与,课堂气氛很好。在课堂教学中学生是真正的主人,思维导图极大地激发了他们的主动性,他们不再感到写作枯燥乏味。同时,复杂的写作任务通过分组完成,让更多的学生尝到了成功的甜头。
笔者经过一段时间的运用思维导图辅助应用文写作教学之后,我校高三年级学生的写作水平有了显著提升。学生作文的内容更加充实,语言错误也明显减少。学生一致认为思维导图直观、形象,有助于构建文章的篇章结构,有利于写作思维的拓展,对写作帮助极大。