宋兴旺 管玉青 吴倩仪 易咏红
患者 男性,43岁,主因发作性四肢抽搐20余年,加重伴行走不稳2年余,于2015年6月24日入院。患者20余年前无明显诱因突然倒地、肢体抽搐、意识障碍,持续数分钟至10余分钟后自行缓解,于1993和1994年各发作1次,分别发生于爆竹惊吓后和电视节目换台后;此后未出现上述症状而突发肢体抖动,持续时间不足1 s,无肢体抽搐和意识障碍,多于光刺激或受惊吓后诱发,并导致骨折2次;反复发作,光刺激后肢体抖动加重而日常需佩戴墨镜出行,未予正规抗癫治疗,呈进行性加重;2年前逐渐出现行走不稳,于2013年3月5日至我院门诊就诊,门诊以癫首次收入院。体格检查:行走基底宽,“一字步”不稳,余未见异常。实验室检查:血浆乳酸2.52 mmol/L(1.33~1.78 mmol/L),肌酶谱均于正常值范围。辅助检查:脑电图背景节律稍慢,清醒期可见弥漫性阵发性2.50~3.00 Hz中高波幅不规则δ波,予1、3、13、15、25和30 Hz的闪光刺激可见顶区、枕区和后颞区棘⁃慢复合波。肌电图和头部MRI未见明显异常。临床拟诊为进行性肌阵挛性癫,予以丙戊酸钠(德巴金)0.25 g/早和0.50 g/晚,左乙拉西坦(开浦兰)1 g/次、2次/d,吡拉西坦(脑复康)8 g/次、3次/d口服,共住院18 d,出院时无癫发作,日常无需佩戴墨镜,行走不稳未见明显改善。出院后遵医嘱按原剂量服用抗癫药物(AEDs),未再发生癫发作,但行走不稳呈进行性加重,无明显行走拖拽,伴四肢酸痛感,为求进一步诊断与治疗再次入院。患者自发病以来,精神、睡眠、饮食尚可,大小便正常,体重无明显变化。
既往史、个人史及家族史均无特殊。
入院后体格检查 体型消瘦,身高178 cm,体重63 kg,四肢可见轻度肌萎缩,四肢近端肌力为4~5级、远端正常,肌张力均正常,行走基底宽,“一字步”不稳,双侧指鼻试验、快复轮替动作、跟⁃膝⁃胫试验稳准,深浅感觉正常,四肢腱反射减弱,病理征阴性,脑膜刺激征阴性。
辅助检查 实验室检查:血浆肌酸激酶(CK)468 U/L(38~174 U/L),α⁃羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)193 U/L(72~182 U/L),血浆乳酸2.67 mmol/L,其余指标均于正常值范围。影像学检查:头部MRI显示轻度脑萎缩。神经电生理学检查:肌电图显示左侧正中神经、尺神经、胫后神经和腓总神经运动感觉神经传导速度未见异常;左侧胫前肌可见自发性电位、运动单位时限增宽,左侧股内侧肌和小指展肌可见自发性电位、运动单位时限未见肯定增宽或缩窄,提示神经源性损害。视频脑电图(VEEG)显示,清醒安静闭目状态下背景可见持续弥漫性3.00~3.50 Hz δ波,偶见少量θ波,并夹杂大量β波,睁眼时上述节律抑制不完全,清醒期可见弥漫性阵发性2.50~3.00 Hz中高波幅不规则δ波,持续1~2 s,可夹杂单个尖波,尤以双侧额颞区显著;过度换气未见局灶性慢波活动和异常放电;予1、3、13、15、25和30 Hz闪光刺激可诱发以后头部尤其是枕区为主的棘⁃慢复合波,且于闪光刺激停止后仍可见(图1)。
肌肉病理学检查 患者行股四头肌外侧肌组织活检术,行HE染色、改良Gomori三色(MGT)染色、高碘酸⁃雪夫(PAS)染色、油红O(ORO)染色、还原型辅酶Ⅰ四氮唑还原酶(NADH⁃TR)染色、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)染色和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)染色以及超微结构观察,结果显示,(1)HE染色:肌束结构正常,肌间质未见增生,肌纤维轻度不均匀,可见散在分布的多角形或条形萎缩肌纤维(图2a);可见散在分布的“裂隙”样改变和周围蓝染的肌纤维,未见肌纤维坏死、吞噬或再生,内核纤维比例轻度增加,未见炎性细胞浸润、肌束间血管异常。(2)MGT染色:可见大量散在分布的典型破碎红纤维(图2b),未见镶边空泡、肌内神经束。(3)NADH⁃TR染色:Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纤维呈镶嵌分布,未见同型肌纤维群组化,未见选择性单型肌纤维萎缩;肌纤维内网格结构大致正常,可见散在分布的少量边缘过度深染的肌纤维。(4)PAS染色、ORO染色、SDH染色和COX染色:均未见明显异常。(5)超微结构观察:透射电子显微镜观察显示,大部分肌膜连续,可见排列整齐的Z线,但部分肌纤维内可见“串珠”样脂肪滴沉积,肌原纤维溶解,Z线消失;部分线粒体嵴呈管状或同心圆状(图3a);偶见肌膜下堆积的线粒体和溶酶体(图3b),部分肌纤维可见巨大线粒体;偶见肌纤维内肌原纤维溶解,可见少量糖原占位效应;间质毛细血管基膜轻度增厚。
基因检测 采集患者外周血4 ml,采用QIAamp DNA Blood Mini/Max Kit(德国 Qiagen公司)提取基因组DNA,Primer 3.0软件(加拿大Primer公司)设计扩增线粒体tRNAlys基因引物:上游引物序列为 5'⁃CATGCCCATCGTCCTAGAAT⁃3',下游引物序列为 5'⁃TGTTGGGTGGTGATTAGTCG⁃3',均由华大基因合成。聚合酶链反应(PCR)产物片段大小为464 bp;反应体系共50 μl,包含样品 DNA 100 ng、引物 0.40 mol/L、dNTPs 0.20 mmol/L、镁离子 1 mmol/L和Taq酶1 U;反应条件为95℃预变性7 min,95℃3 min、53 ℃ 30 s、72 ℃ 40 s,共29 个循环,72 ℃延伸7 min;PCR扩增产物送检华大基因进行Sanger测序。结果显示,外周血线粒体DNA c.8344A>G突变(图4)。
图1 VEEG显示,闪光刺激停止后仍可见后头部棘⁃慢复合波(电压50 μV,时间1000 ms)Figure 1 VEEG findings showed that spike and slow waves complex discharge in occiput could be seen after intermittent photic stimulation(voltage 50 μV,time 1000 ms).
诊断与治疗经过 根据患者临床表现,初步诊断考虑进行性肌阵挛性癫,结合骨骼肌组织活检术和基因检测结果,最终明确诊断为肌阵挛性癫伴破碎红纤维。住院期间继续予丙戊酸钠0.25 g/早和0.50 g/晚,左乙拉西坦1 g/次、2次/d以及吡拉西坦8 g/次、3次/d口服,共住院7 d,出院后遵医嘱继续上述治疗方案。电话随访,癫发作控制良好,但步态异常仍缓慢加重,目前仍可独立行走,偶有跌倒,外院复查头部MRI显示脑萎缩。
图2 光学显微镜观察所见 ×400 2a 可见散在分布的萎缩肌纤维 HE染色 2b 可见典型破碎红纤维(箭头所示) MGT染色Figure 2 Optical microscopy findings ×400 Scattered atrophic muscle fibers could be seen(Panel 2a). HE staining Typical ragged⁃red fibers were shown(arrow indicates,Panel 2b). MGT staining
图3 透射电子显微镜观察所见 枸橼酸铅和醋酸铀双重染色 3a 部分线粒体嵴呈管状(白箭头所示)或同心圆状(黑箭头所示) ×50 000 3b 肌膜下可见堆积的线粒体(白箭头所示)和溶酶体(黑箭头所示) ×10 000Figure 3 Transmission electron microscopy findings Lead citrate and uranyl acetate double staining Tubular(white arrow indicates)and concentric(black arrow indicates)mitochondrial cristae were seen(Panel 3a). ×50 000 Large amount of mitochondria(white arrow indicates)and lysosomes(black arrow indicates)accumulated under muscular membrane(Panel 3b). ×10 000
图4 Sanger测序显示,线粒体DNA c.8344A>G杂合突变(箭头所示)Figure 4 Sanger sequencing of the mitochondrial genome showed heterozygous mtDNA c.8344A>G mutation(arrow indicates).
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