辨类型,厘结构,攻克长难句

2018-01-25 13:04山东逄琳琳
教学考试(高考英语) 2018年2期
关键词:先画难句复合句

山东 逄琳琳

在高三复习过程中,常常遇到学生吐槽,为什么所有的词都认识,但是连成句子怎么就看不懂什么意思呢?首先要恭喜有这种疑问和体验的学生,因为在阅读理解和完形填空中你已经过了单词关,那么接下来要攻克的就是长难句了。长难句的理解遍及整套英语试卷的各个题型,是英语取得高分的必经之路,不仅不容忽略,还必须引起相当的重视。本文将从句子类型分析和长难句翻译两个方面来阐述如何攻克长难句。

一、辨类型,用解题

必须承认,不管一个长难句多长多难,都是四种句子的变身。英语中的所有句子按照结构都可以分为这四类。它们是简单句、复合句、并列句,并列复合句。先做一个小的测验,看一下你是否了解这四种句子类型。

1.(2017全国卷Ⅰ,A篇Para.1)Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.

这是一个___________句,含有 _____ 引导的 ______从句。

2.(2017全国卷Ⅰ,C篇Para.1)UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its signif i cance, and its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.

这是一个_________句,to do...是 ______________。

3.(2017全 国 卷 Ⅰ,C 篇 Para.2)Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

这是一个__________句,因为本句含有_________,它来连接两个_______。

4.(2017全 国 卷 Ⅲ,完 形 Para.2)The ticket had a strict no-transfer(不可转让)policy, but since passport information was not required when booking , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can use it.

这是一个____________句,因为本句含有____引导的分句,分句中又含有_________和______引导的从句。

(答案:1.复合句,while,时间状语从句;2.简单句,目的状语;3.并列句,and,分句;4.并列复合句,but,since,when)

以上概念中,简单句自不必说。通俗点讲,复合句就是含有从句的句子,并列句就是由并列连词and,but,so,or/otherwise(否则,要不然)连接两个分句组成的句子,并列复合句就是并列句中的分句中又含有从句的句子。任何的句子如果不是按照这样的规律来组成,就是一个错误的句子。同样,因为所有正确的句子都是按照这样的规律组成的,所以我们也必须遵循这样的规律来解题。下面我们做几道高考真题来小试牛刀吧。

考例1.(2017全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.

解析:which。空格前是一个完整的句子,所以both后必须是从句才能满足复合句的要求。此空需填连词,所以用which 来指代前面的整个句子,引导整个定语从句。

考例2.(2017全国卷Ⅱ,语法填空)This included digging up the road,6 (lay)the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

解析:laying。此句是简单句。include后接doing...doing and doing...来作宾语。

考例3.(2017全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.

解析:they改成which/that。此句是复合句。the things后面跟着一个定语从句,从句中they指代前面的things,但应改为which/that,此从句才含有定语从句专有的关系代词,句子结构才对。

二、厘结构,译长难

分辨清楚句子类型之后才能厘清句子结构,而这两点是翻译长难句的基础。大多数同学之所以单词都认识,却又翻译不出来就是因为没有先做句子结构的分析,整个思维处于混沌状态。所以教师需要在这方面带领学生进行训练。辨清句子类型再厘清句子结构就如同将混乱的衣橱按区域规划,每一块区域再各自整理,最后衣橱才能井井有条。厘清结构的关键是画出句子中的并列连词和从属连词,使思维条理化。下面就宾语从句、定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句等的翻译来进行规律总结。

1.宾语从句的翻译

(2017全国卷Ⅲ,完形Para.4)Axani wrote in his post that he is not looking for anything in return and that the woman who uses the extra ticket can choose to either travel with him or take the ticket and travel on her own.

分析:这是一个复合句。需先画出两个that,它们引导两个宾语从句作wrote的宾语。再画出who,它引导第二个that从句中的定语从句。这三个连词一画,句子脉络非常明晰,翻译就很容易了。

译文:Axani在帖子中写道:“他不求任何回报而且使用这张额外票的女士可以选择和他一同旅行也可取走票自己旅行。”

2.定语从句的翻译

(2017全国卷Ⅰ,完形Para.1)I myself went through this searching process and found something that has changed my experience at college for the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语).

分析:这是一个复合句。需先画出that,它引导一个限制性定语从句,修饰something。限制性定语从句的翻译同一般定语的翻译,在先行词前加“的”即可。

译文:我自己经历了这种搜寻的过程,并且发现了改变我的大学生涯使之变得更好的某种东西:我发现了美式手语。

(2017北京卷,完形Para.3)She began to host “Big Bosses”lunches, where she would try to persuade local business leaders to contribute to the cause.

分析:这是一个复合句。需先画出where,它来引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰lunches。非限制性定语从句一般不翻译成“的”,而是根据具体的关系词翻译成“这”。如which,常译为“这”,where常译为“在这一场合”,when常译为“在这一时间”等。

译文:她开始主办大老板午餐会,在这些午餐会上,她会努力说服当地的企业领导人来捐助这一事业。

3.同位语从句的翻译

(2017天津卷,完 形Para.5)As I began my own personal weight program, I was fi lled with the fear that I would run into the same diff i culties that beat me before.

分析:这是一个复合句。需先画出as,that,that。它们分别引导一个时间状语从句,同位语从句和定语从句。同位语从句翻译时往往将从句内容翻译出来然后加上“这一” + 与之同位的名词的意义。

译文:当我开始我个人的体重减肥项目时,我充满了我会遇上之前打败我的同样的困难这种恐惧。

4.i t的指代作用

(2017全国卷Ⅰ,完形Para.4)I then made it a point to attend those meetings and learn all I could.

分析:这是一个简单句。需先画出it和to attend those meetings。含it的句子难以翻译是因为不知it所指为何物。It 除了指代上文事物外,最普遍的用法是用作形式主语或宾语来指代其后真正的主语或宾语。此句中it用作形式宾语指代其后的真正宾语to attend...,译时需将to...放在宾语上来译。Make it a point 意为“对某事特别注重/意”。

译文:此后我就特别注重参加这些集会,学习我能学到的全部。

5.状语从句的翻译

状语从句的翻译相对简单,但如总结出常见词的各种意思,在合适的语境中选择带入,可能会迅速地理解句意。下面是while,as,before这些常见连词的用法小结。

(1)while用法小结:

①尽管(句首)②然而(句中)③当……时候

(2017全国卷Ⅰ,完形Para.1) While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that exploration.(尽管)

(2017天津卷,完形Para.5)While the fear hung over my head, there were also signs that I was headed down the right path .(尽管)

(2017全国卷Ⅱ,完形Para.4)Once, while working overnight at a store, he let a homeless man sleep in his truck.(当……时候)

(2)as用法小结:

①当……时候,随着 ②和……一样 ③正如 ④按照⑤因为 ⑥尽管 ⑦prep.作为

(2017天 津 卷,完 形Para.5)As I began my own personal weight program, I was fi lled with the fear that I would run into the same diff i culties that beat me before.(当……时候,随着)

As the months went by , the rabbits saw that I was no threat and didn’t escape.(随着)

The failure was a big slow to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(和……一样)

As you can see from the results, this is not the case.(正如)

The daughter did as told.(按照)

Child as he is , he knows a lot.(尽管)

He works as a teacher.(prep.作为)

(3)before 用法小结:

①在……之前 ②还没来得及……就…… ③过一段时间才……④不知不觉 ⑤prep.在……之前

(2017全国卷Ⅱ,完形Para.3)Before the school year ended,I gave the kids a special gift , T-shirts with the words“Verbs Are Your Friends”on them.(在……之前)

He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.(还没来得及……就……)

Several weeks had gone by before I realized the painting was missing.(过一段时间才……)

It was getting dark before we knew it.(不知不觉)

综上所述,长难句的破解并不是十分困难。教师只需引导考生认清、辨别各种句子类型,厘清每个长难句的结构,总结各种从句翻译的规律,便能攻坚破难,理解并翻译好长难句。教师若能带领学生坚持每套题中选择四五个长难句进行翻译和理解的训练,连续揣摩几套题以后,学生自己便会找到更多的规律,对长难句就会有更好的理解,成绩必会有长足的进步。

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