林 峰 陈永艳 康跃凡
福建省妇幼保健院(福州,350001)
SCSA法检测精子DNA碎片指数与辅助生育结局关系的meta分析
林 峰 陈永艳 康跃凡
福建省妇幼保健院(福州,350001)
目的:探究精子染色质结构分析法(SCSA)检测精子DNA碎片指数(DFI)与体外受精(IVF)、卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)妊娠结局的关系。方法:计算机检索Pubmed、Cochrane library、EMBASE、Springer Link、CNKI、万方和维普等数据库,收集使用SCSA法检测DFI(DFI阈值27%或30%)与IVF、ICSI妊娠结局关系的文献,由两位检索人员根据纳入、排除标准独立筛选文献,提取数据后采用Stata 12.0软件进行meta分析。妊娠结局包括生化妊娠(BP)、临床妊娠(CP)、流产(PL)。相对危险度(RR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)用于评估DFI与妊娠结局的关系。结果:meta分析中纳入9篇有效文献(共2008个周期)。meta分析结果显示,DFI升高显著增加ICSI组生化妊娠率(RR=1.24,95%CI 1.00~1.52)、流产率(RR=2.21,95%CI 1.29~3.78),而与临床妊娠率无显著相关;DFI升高与IVF组的生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、流产率均无显著相关。结论:SCSA法检测DFI对ICSI的妊娠结局有预测价值,而对IVF的妊娠结局无预测作用,仍需要纳入更多的大样本优质研究以进一步验证。
精子染色质结构分析;精子DNA碎片指数;妊娠;流产;meta分析
在自然生育及辅助生育过程中,精子DNA完整性对受精、胚胎发育、胚胎种植和妊娠都起至关重要的作用[1],若是精子DNA严重受损,会导致胚胎停育[2]。精子 DNA 碎片指数(DFI)是精子 DNA损伤的检测指标,可反映精子的完整性,通过DFI检测可以评估精子损伤程度。然而,当前文献显示精子DFI对辅助生育结局的预测仍有争议,究其原因是当前精子DFI检测方法多样、DFI参考阈值差异大、缺少标准化的检测过程、实验室内部差异等[3]。笔者为减少meta分析文献的选择性偏倚,仅纳入使用最常用的精子染色质结构分析(SCSA)检测DFI的国内外相关文献,并将精子DFI阈值设定为最为常用的27%和30%,探讨DFI与辅助生育结局的关系。
计算机检索CNKI、维普科技期刊、万方数字知识平台、Google学术搜索系统、Pubmed、Cochrane library、EMBASE、Springer Link等中英文数据库。中文检索词包括精子DNA碎片、精子DNA损伤、精子DNA断裂指数、辅助生殖技术、体外受精-胚胎移植、卵胞浆内单精子注射;英文检索词包括sperm DNA fragmentation,sperm DNA damage,DFI,human sperm chromatin,in vitro fertilization,IVF,intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI,pregnancy loss,miscarriage,spontaneous abortion,infertility。以上检索词均自由组合,文献检索时间为建库至2017年1月,由两位数据收集者浏览综述及相关论文的参考文献,从中选出符合要求的文章,并辅以手工检索会议资料,再行合并。
纳入标准:①国内外发表的关于精子DFI与辅助生殖(IVF/ICSI)结局关系的文献;②纳入文献均为队列研究;③文献的主要观察指标为生化妊娠(BP)、临床妊娠(CP)、流产(PL);④进行 DFI检测均为未处理精液;⑤各文献研究的目的、设计方案基本相同或相似。排除标准:①文献实验目的与本文研究目的不相符合;②非中、英文语种的文献;③文献类型不相符,如不完整的会议记录、综述、动物研究实验;④非SCSA法检测DIF的文献;⑤DFI检测阈值非27%或30%;⑥精液处理后进行DFI检测的文献;⑦未提供原始数据、数据不全、重复发表的文献等。
对数据的提取及文献质量的评价由两人独立进行,在细节上均达成一致,若意见存在分歧时,通过第三方或讨论决定。运用The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)评价方法进行质量评价[4]。评价系统满分为9分,超过5分者为高质量文献。纳入文献数据提取,包括研究对象(人数、年龄)、研究类型、治疗方案、DFI阈值、精液处理方式、女性特征、结局(BP、CP、PL)。
采用Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析,对纳入研究进行异质性检验,统计学异质性采用卡方检验,无异质性时(P≥0.1,I2<50%),采用固定效应模型进行 Meta分析,存在异质性时(P<0.1,I2≥50%),则选用随机效应模型,并绘制森林图。采用Begg’s检验/Egger’s检验作为本次Meta分析定量评价发表偏倚的统计检验方法。
检索得到相关文献1965篇,通过文章题目及摘要和通过纳入、排除标准,初筛得到24篇文献,并将24篇文献全文下载,2位检索人员检索筛查,排除没有原始数据、数据不全、DFI阈值非27%或30%的文献。最终纳入9篇文献,共计2008个周期。纳入文献评分6~9分,文献质量较高。见表1。
各研究均根据DFI阈值(27%或30%)分为高DFI组和低DFI组。meta分析IVF亚组和(或)ICSI亚组的生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、流产率。
2.2.1 DFI与BP meta分析纳入4篇文献评估DFI与BP的关系。各亚组不存在统计学异质性,采用固定效应模型。meta分析结果显示:DFI升高显著增加ICSI亚组的生化妊娠率(RR=1.2495%CI 1.00~1.52),而不影响IVF 亚组的生化妊娠率(RR=0.732 ,95%CI 0.520~1.031)见图1。
表1 纳入文献基本信息
图1 DFI与生化妊娠关系森林图
2.2.2 DFI与CP meta分析纳入9篇文献评估DFI与CP的关系。各亚组存在统计学异质性,采用随机效应模型。meta分析结果显示:DFI升高不影响IVF亚组临床妊娠率(RR=0.87,95%CI 0.54~1.40)和ICSI亚组临床妊娠率(RR=1.27,95%CI 0.95~1.70)。见图2。
图2 DFI与临床妊娠关系森林图
2.2.2 DFI与PL meta分析纳入5篇文献评估DFI与CP的关系。各亚组间不存在统计学异质性,采用固定效应模型。meta分析结果显示:DFI升高显著增加ICSI亚组的流产率(RR=2.21,95%CI 1.29~3.78);而不影响IVF亚组的流产率(RR=1.06,95%CI 0.41~2.75)。见图3。
图3 DFI与流产关系森林图
Begg’s检验和Egger’s检验BP组、CP组、PL组均无统计学差异(P>0.05),不存在发表偏倚。见表2,图4、5、6。
图4 IVF+ICSI生化妊娠分析漏斗图
图5 IVF+ICSI临床妊娠分析漏斗图
图6 IVF+ICSI流产分析漏斗图
表2 meta分析主要结果
随着越来越多的男性不育症患者需要通过辅助生育技术(ART)方法获得后代,预测ART妊娠结局已成为必要。精液常规无法评估ART生育结局,因此急需寻找一种新的预测指标[14]。DFI检测可反映精子DNA损伤程度,对预测自然妊娠和ART妊娠结局有帮助,并有助于临床决策的制定[15-16],但 是 DFI的 临 床 应 用 仍 存 在 争 议。Li等[17]、Collin 等[18]最早进行 meta分 析显 示精子DNA损伤与临床妊娠结局无显著相关;Zhao等[19]的meta分析显示精子DNA损伤与IVF妊娠结局相关,与ICSI妊娠结局无关;而近期Simon等的meta分析却显示精子DNA损伤与IVF及ICSI妊娠结局均有关系[20]。
DFI与ART妊娠结局关系的争论可源于以下方面:①DFI检测方法的多样化,不同DFI检测方法得出的结果不能等同;②不同文献通过不同的DFI阈值进行分组,可得出不同甚至相反的结论;③进行DFI检测前的精液预处理方式不同(未处理精液或离心后精液),影响DFI检测准确性;④没有进行精子质量的控制(精子总数、活力、正常形态率);⑤配偶的基本信息未匹配(如配偶年龄、FSH、体重指数等)。为消除文献间的异质性,笔者将纳入文献资料进行匹配(如DFI检测方法、DFI阈值、精液预处理方法),使文献效应更具一致。本文meta结果显示DFI升高显著增加ICSI组的生化妊娠率、流产率,而与临床妊娠率无显著相关;DFI升高与IVF组的生化妊娠率、临床妊娠率、流产率均无显著相关。
在自然妊娠或是IVF过程中,由于卵子对精子具有选择作用,避免了DNA高度损伤的精子受精,确保妊娠质量,因此DFI升高不影响IVF的妊娠结局[21]。而ICSI技术的运用,使得低质量的精子也有机会与卵子结合,同时不影响受精率及原核形成率[22]。这可能源于胚胎发育早期,父源性基因处于静止状态,受精及早期胚胎发育受母源性基因的调控[23];但胚胎发育至种植前时,父源性基因开始表达,致使损伤的精子DNA影响随后的胚胎发育,进而影响ICSI的妊娠结局(如生化妊娠、流产)[24]。
本文meta分析具有较高的可信度:①本文纳入的文献均为SCSA法检测DFI的研究,消除了不同DFI检测方法之间的差异性,同时SCSA法是目前最常用的DFI检测方法,可收集文献最多。②将27%或30%作为DFI的阈值,排除DFI阈值差异过大的文献,使研究效应更有可比性,Venkatesh等[25]认为应将DFI阈值设为30.28%,用于评估男性生育能力,与本研究的DFI阈值一致。③文中纳入的各研究均为未预处理的精液进行的DFI检测,排除了精液离心等操作对精子DFI检测准确性的影响。
本文亦有许多不足之处。①文中虽然对DFI检测方法、DFI阈值、精液处理方法进行筛选,但仍有临床参数无法获得(如女性年龄、卵巢功能、移植胚胎数等),这些参数可影响辅助生育结局[26-27],应该进一步进行亚组分析。②由于严格的纳入、排除标准,使本研究纳入的文献及近期文献较少,增加了随机抽样误差。
综上,本次meta分析显示DFI对ICSI的妊娠结局有预测价值,而对IVF的妊娠结局无预测作用,仍需纳入更多的大样本优质研究以进一步验证。
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A meta-analysis of association between sperm DNA fragmentation index determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay and clinical outcomes after assisted reproduction
LIN Feng,CHEN Yongyan,KANG Yuefan
FujianProvincialMaternityandChildrenHospital,Fuzhou,350001
Objective:To explore the association between sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI)determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay(SCSA)and pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization(IVF)or intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI).Method:Databases,such as Cochrane Library,EMbase,Springer Link,CNKI,Wanfang,and VIP were searched.The related literatures about the association between sperm DNA DFI(threshold of DFI was 27%or 30%)determined by SCSA and pregnancy outcome after IVF or ICSI were collected.The eligible literatures were selected by two researchers independently according to include and exclude standards,and related information was extracted from the eligible literatures by this two researchers independently,and a meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0software.Pregnancy outcomes included biochemical pregnancy(BP),clinical pregnancy(CP)and pregnancy loss(PL).The relationship between DFI and pregnancy outcome was evaluated used Relative Risk (RR)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CI).Results:9cohort studies(2008couples)were included for meta-analysis,and the result showed that higher DFI could significant increase the rate of BP and PL of women after ICSI(pooled RR (95%CI)1.24(1.00-1.52),2.21(1.29-3.78),respectively).However,higher DFI had no relationship to rate of CP of women after ICSI.And higher DFI had no any relationship to rate of BP,CP and PL of women after IVF.Conclusion:DFI detected by SCSA has value for predicting pregnancy outcome after ICSI,but had no value for pregnancy outcome after IVF.Further better designed clinical study with larger sample should be added to the meta-analysis for get more reliable conclusions.
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay;Sperm DNA fragmentation index;Pregnancy;Miscarriage;Meta-analysis
2017-05-11
2017-06-07
10.3969/j.issn.1004-8189.2017.09.002
张 璐]