定语从句和同位语从句辨析

殷华新

一、定语从句与同位语从句的相似点

1. 都是用来修饰中心词——名词。

2. 都可以由that来引导句子。

同位语从句：

The suggestion that students should learn something useful is worth considering. 学生应该学些有用的东西，这一建议值得考虑。

定语从句：

The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something useful. 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些有用的东西。

二、定语从句与同位语从句的不同点

1. 语法概念不同。修饰名词或代词，起形容词性作用的句子叫做定语从句。同位语从句是放在名词的后面，用以说明该名词具体的内容，所指内容为同一事物，在句中作同位语。

2. 语法功能不同。定语从句修饰的中心词是名词或代词，对先行词（名词）起的是限定、修饰的作用。翻译成“……的”起定语的作用。而同位语从句与先行词之间存在的是同位或等同的关系，对先行詞起描述作用，是解释名词的具体内容，说的是同一事情。

同位语从句：

The news that she had failed the exam surprised every one of us. 她考试失利的消息让我们每个人感到惊讶。（that之后是news的具体内容）

定语从句：

The news that he told us made all of us interested. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（that之后是对news的解释）

3. 连接从句的引导词不同。同位语从句的引导词多是that，whether，也有连接代词what，who，连接副词how， when， where等。切记：if， which 不能引导同位语从句。引导词在句中不充当任何成分。

定语从句的引导词有关系代词that， which， who， whom， whose， as等（没有what），关系副词where， when， why等。引导词有连接定语从句、代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句及在定语从句中充当句子成分等作用。

同位语从句：

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（that只起连接作用）

定语从句：

The fact that （which） you told me about yesterday is very important. 你昨天告诉我的那个事实很重要。（that在从句中作about的宾语）

4. 先行词不同。同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常是抽象名词，有一定的内涵。常见的有idea， situation， thought， fact， evidence， belief， doubt， fear， hope， question， theory， suggestion， proposal， word， thought， truth， possibility， promise， order，news， ability等等。

定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛，可以是名词，代词，主句的一部分甚至整个句子。

5. 由when， why， where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词，但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位。

同位语从句：

I have no idea when she will come back. 我不知道她何时回来。

The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't been decided. 我们到什么地方去开会，这个问题还没有决定。

定语从句：

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天。

This is the farm where my father worked two years ago. 这是我父亲两年前工作的农场。

6. 定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词，可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，一般没有复数形式。

同位语从句：

Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter wouldn't like to go to school. 她的母亲很担心，她女儿有可能不喜欢上学。

定语从句：

The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. 她得到的可能性似乎大些。

巩固练习

1. A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.

A. if B. when

C. that D. whichendprint

2. When the news came________ the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.

A. since B. which

C. because D. that

3. Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases________.

A. what B. that

C. which D. where

4. The fact has worried many scientists________ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.

A. what B. which

C. that D. though

5. Tomorrow is Tom's birthday. Have you got any idea ________the party is to be held？

A. what B. which

C. that D. where

6. The days are gone ________physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

A. when B. that

C. where D. which

7. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station________ you can hire to reach your host family.

A. which B. where

C. when D. as

8. The prize will go to the writer ________story shows the most imagination.

A. that B. which

C. whose D. what

9. It's helpful to put children in a situation ________they can see themselves differently.

A. that B. when

C. which D. where

10. A bank is the place________ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

A. when B. that

C. where D. there

參考答案

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