贺启迪
摘要:笔者根据自己十几年的教学实践,总结英语语法的特征,结合语法填空题的高考设题的考查内容和方式,从两种题型和十三大技巧入手,对语法填空题进行了详细的阐述。
关键词:高考英语;语法填空;纯空格题;给词题;解题技巧
高考语法填空题,跳出了以前高考的单项选择题模式,把语法融入到了语篇中去,通过语篇语义的深层次理解,确定该空格的词汇以及该词汇的恰当形式。该题型包罗了几乎高中所有的语法学习重点和难点,故使学生见之则头疼,做之则茫然。其实,搞定语法填空题有其规律可循。
一、语法填空题题型特征
2014年高考,英语科目中语法填空题取代了之前语法题型-----单项选择,语法填空题,即在一篇200词左右的语篇中设10个小题,以两种题型出现:一种是纯空格题,即根据语篇所需,在文句空格处填入一恰当的词;另一种为给词题,即根据所给的词,结合语篇,选择填入该词恰当的形式。
二、语法填空题考查内容
语法填空题的考查内容很广,包括了词法,句法和考生对于语篇结构的理解能力和逻辑推理能力,涉及实词和虚词。
三、“两大题型”“十三大解题技巧”解疑
1.纯空格题
(1)一个句子如果缺主语和宾语,那么该空格填代词。如:Its a lovely day. I love __it_ when the weather is like this.
(2)如果在一个句子中,名词或名词短语前为空格,且该名词或名词短语在句子中作了句子成分,填限定词。如:It was __a___ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across __the_night sky.
(3)句子中,名词或代词前面是空格,且该名词或者代词不作句子成分,填介词。如:I have no idea about what colors look good ___against__my skin.
(4)在一个句子中,两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,填连词,特别观察标点符号。如:It is often not their age __but__ their education that causes misunderstanding between them.
(5)如果兩个单独的句子中间,没有任何连词,也没有分号,填连接词。
①如果两个句子是并列关系或者包含有状语从句时,则用并列连词和状语从句的连词。如:How can you expect to get ahead in your life __if___you even live for yourself from time to time.
又如:They decide to cancel the trip ___because____ nobody was very enthusiastic about it.
②如果两个句子之间是主从关系,则需要判断从句的类型,到底是定语从句还是名词性从句,然后再确定其引导词。
如:From space, the earth looks blue. This is __why__ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
又如:Take an active part in after-class activities,__which_ will not only make your school life colorful, but also improve your learning.
2.给词题
(1)如果所给的词在从句中作表语、定语或者补语,则用形容词形式。如:
I soon became __known____ (know) as a singing cook.
(2)如果给词在句子中充当主语,或者在及物动词或介词后作宾语,则用名词形式,当然根据语篇逻辑主语单复数问题。如:However, I was refused every time I tried to sign with record __companies__ (accompany).
(3)若给词在形容词性的物主代词之后,或冠词之后,则用名词形式。如:The ___popularity____(popular)of the igloo is beyond doubt.
(4)给词如果修饰动词、形容词、副词,或者整个句子,这个时候改词则肯定起修饰作用,充当状语,用副词形式。如:I felt __ extremely__ (extreme) nervous and I was afraid That I would fall off.
(5)给词如果是形容词或副词,且该空格本身要填的词性不变时,一定要注意其比较级、最高级或者反义词(加前缀或后缀)。如:The book is thinner , but it costs more than twice more than the _ thicker___(thick) one .
(6)若给词为动词,且句子中没有别的谓语,则需填谓语动词形式(注意时态、语态及主谓一致)如:Breakfast ___serves__(serve) between 7:00 and 8:00am, so wed better get up early.
(7)若给词为动词,句子也有谓语,但需要填的动词之间有连词,则还是谓语。
如:I got a chance to take a photo with Andy and I __had_looked__(look) forward to it for years.
(8)若给词为动词,句子有了谓语,需填动词与之没有连词连接,则是非谓语动词形式。
①做主语时通常用—ing形式表习惯或一般情况,to do 表一次性具体情况。
如:Swimming is my hobby, in such a hot day, ___to swim____(swim) is a good choice.
②做宾语时看前面的动词的固定搭配,然后决定—ing 形式还是to do形式
如:Most students object to __charging___(charge) for parking on campus.
③如果给词在从句中作状语,一般找主句主语与之关系,独立主格找本身与之关系;
如果给词在从句中作定语,找被修饰名词与之关系;如果给词在从句中作宾补,找宾语与之关系,可套用“顺口溜”:主动进行ing,被动完成用ed,不定式to do 表将来和目的。如:_Built___(build) in a small town, it has been attracting lots of visitors but soon the fun will be over.
又如:The witness __ questioned_ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
再如:The shop owner will get all these goods ordered __ delivered ____(deliver) to the customers today.
以上的純空格题“五种解题技巧”和给词题“八种解题技巧”已经完全囊括了目前每年高考语法填空题的所有解题方向。虽然语法填空题的语篇年年改变,但是高考英语语法考纲要求,却变化不大,因此解题方向就变得有迹可循。做一个有“心”人,平时多尝试这些方法,多练习,多归纳,完全可以提升自己的解题技能。
例题参考文献:
书名:《高中英语语法填空专项训练》(新课标全国卷)
作者:高考英语命题研究中心 ISBN:978731310684
类别:高考 出版社:上海交通大学出版社出版
出版时间:2014.3