Toll样受体4与结直肠癌的相关性

2016-12-15 12:44赵祥梅戴盛明
分子诊断与治疗杂志 2016年2期
关键词:结直肠癌发展

赵祥梅 戴盛明



Toll样受体4与结直肠癌的相关性

赵祥梅戴盛明

[摘要]Toll样受体4(toll⁃like receptor 4,TLR4)在炎症诱发的结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中的作用日益受到关注。活化的TLR4通过髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)激活核转录因子⁃κB(nuclear factor⁃κB,NF⁃κB)产生大量炎症介质并募集炎症细胞形成肿瘤微环境,从而成为炎症与肿瘤的纽带贯穿于CRC发生、发展的整个过程中。本文着重对TLR4信号通路参与CRC的起始、进展、转移、遗传变异和表观遗传调控进行了讨论。尤其,文章中强调了TLR4在CRC发展和发病机制中的角色,并提出调节TLR4信号通路可能为CRC的治疗带来新的前景。

[关键词]Toll样受体4;结直肠癌;发生;发展

作者单位:广西医科大学第四附属医院医学检验科,柳州市肿瘤疾病与防治重点实验室,广西,柳州545005

众所周知,Toll样受体(toll like receptor,TLRs)是重要的细胞表面受体家族,参与机体对外源性生物的识别和免疫应答,且与肿瘤的发生、浸润和转移密切相关。研究证实,它属于模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs),可识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecule pattern,PAMPs),进而引发一系列的信号转导[1]。Toll样受体4(toll⁃like receptor⁃4,TLR4)是TLRs家族成员之一,近年来发现,慢性炎症在炎症诱发的结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的发展中扮演重要角色,而TLR4介导炎症与CRC的生物学行为密切相关,成为近年来的研究热点之一。本文将对TLR4信号通路参与CRC的起始、进展、转移、遗传变异和表观遗传调控等进行讨论。

1 TLR4分子结构及信号通路

TLR4是一种单次跨膜蛋白,由胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区3部分构成,胞外区由22个富含亮氨酸重复序列组成马蹄形结构域,跨膜区由21个氨基酸螺旋连接而成,胞内区是由200个氨基酸组成的包含一个Toll/IL⁃1受体(Toll/IL⁃1 receptor,TIR)结构域的保守区。TLR4识别相应病原体PAMPs及其内源性配体后,通过与胞浆内不同受体接头蛋白结合进行信号转导,根据接头蛋白的不同可分为髓系分化蛋白(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)依赖性和非MyD88依赖性途径[2]。在炎症诱发的CRC中糖蛋白CD14转运细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)与TLR4和髓样分化蛋白⁃2(myeloid differential protein⁃2,MD⁃2)形成多聚体细菌脂多糖/Toll样受体4/髓样分化蛋白⁃2 (lipopolysaccharide/toll⁃like receptor⁃4/myeloid dif⁃ferentiation factor 88,LPS/TLR4/MD⁃2)[3],使活化的TLR4胞内区通过与MyD88适配样蛋白(myD88 adaptor⁃like,Mal)和MyD88各自结构域相互作用并导致其自身磷酸化,产生一系列级联反应最终使核转录因子⁃κB(nuclear factor⁃κB,NF ⁃κB)激活释放并转移至细胞核内,然后与其特异性结合位点结合,启动相关基因转录和翻译,导致大量的细胞因子和炎症介质释放,如白介素⁃6 (interleukin⁃6,IL⁃6)、环氧化酶⁃2(cyclooxygenase⁃2,COX⁃2)等[4⁃7]。TLR4的独特结构使得其在炎症相关的各信号通路中发挥了重要的作用,成为肿瘤治疗的又一关键分子。

2 TLR4在CRC中的表达情况及影响

在肿瘤组织中,肿瘤的发生是一个循序渐进的慢性过程,从青少年息肉、错构瘤、腺瘤到腺癌组织中,TLR4的表达水平随着疾病的进展而明显增高,并且腺癌组织中TLR4的表达呈弥漫性或颗粒性分布,定位在细胞膜或细胞质中[8]。癌组织中TLR4表达明显高于癌旁组织,TLR4通过参与肿瘤免疫逃逸、凋亡抵抗、诱导免疫抑制因子和趋化因子的表达而诱导CRC肝转移及腹膜转移。CRC的发生率与TLR4的表达水平呈正相关,且随着TLR4表达水平的增高,其分期越晚;当TLR4/ MyD88共同高表达时则患者5年无病生存时间(disease⁃free survival,DFS)和总体生存时间(over⁃all survival,OS)明显缩短[9]。对肿瘤微环境研究发现,结肠癌细胞中表达TLR4及氮氧化物酶(nox enzymes,Nox),进一步形成细菌脂多糖⁃氮氧化物酶1(lipopolysaccharide⁃Nox enzymes1,LPS⁃Nox1)氧化还原信号轴,从而促进结肠癌的远处转移[10]。且由大量的上皮细胞、基质细胞(如成纤维细胞)、内皮细胞和浸润的炎症细胞等构成的肿瘤微环境中,各种细胞TLR4的表达水平与CRC的分化、分期、化疗后复发率及生存期密切相关[11-14]。相应地,在癌前病变⁃腺瘤⁃结肠癌发展过程中肠上皮细胞TLR4表达水平逐渐升高[15],组成性激活上皮细胞中TLR4,促进了炎症介质环氧化酶⁃2(cyclooxygenase⁃2,COX2)及前列腺素E⁃2 (prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的表达及中性粒细胞的浸润,从而促进CRC的形成[16],且分期越晚则肠上皮细胞中TLR4表达水平越高[13]。同时基质成纤维细胞中TLR4的表达与患者肿瘤高复发率及短的生存时间明显相关,是CRC的一个独立预后因素[12]。Cammarota等[14]研究也发现内皮细胞及炎性细胞(巨噬细胞)TLR4表达增加的趋势与肿瘤进展相一致,尤其是腺瘤和腺癌中TLR4的表达明显高于健康组织中。肿瘤组织细胞及微环境2大水平均证实了TLR4的高表达,说明TLR4的表达与肿瘤的发生密切相关。

3 TLR4单核甘酸多态性(single nucleo⁃tide polymorphisms,SNP)与CRC之间的相关性

3.1TLR4基因突变与CRC的发生

TLR4基因位于第9号染色体(9q32⁃q33),TLR4基因的突变与对LPS的反应具有明显差别,如在蛋白水平Asp299Gly多态性(D299G)和Thr399Ile多态性(T399I)影响TLR4蛋白细胞外结构[17]。TLR4基因突变改变了肠黏膜先天性免疫细胞和肠上皮TLR4分子结构,使机体的免疫系统失去正常处理肠腔内大量细菌产物如LPS等的能力,持续激活下游信号通路,进而使肠黏膜在其长期刺激下产生感染、炎症、过敏、易激乃至癌变[18],或TLR4基因突变间接或直接地调节内源性几丁质酶1(chitinase 3⁃like 1,CHI3L1)等表达,从而导致组织重构、血管生成和肿瘤进展[19]。譬如TLR3 rs11721827与直肠癌发生相关,TLR3 rs3775292和TLR4 rs11536898与结肠癌发生相关,且在TLR2 和TLR4中多个SNPs与结肠癌的生存期相关[20],说明TLR4基因突变与CRC的发生密切相关,其突变增加了CRC发生的可能性。

3.2TLR4基因多态性与罹患CRC风险性

在最近十年,深入研究SNP对肿瘤风险的影响成为了研究热点。不同种族之间TLR4的不同基因位点对CRC的影响不同,在俄罗斯人群中IL1B_1473G/C和TLR4_896A/G SNPs与直肠癌的发生密切相关[21],在高加索人群中纯合型的TLR2+597CC使CRC风险降低5倍,纯合型TLR4 299Gly则增加了3倍发生CRC的风险,且研究显示纯合型TLR4 299Gly在超重个体中发生CRC的风险更高[22]。此外,TLR4基因多态性不仅与CRC发生风险相关,而且与CRC的恶性程度也密切相关[20]。在突尼斯人群中TLR4 Asp299Gly(D299G)和Thr399Ile(T399I)与CRC分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移呈正相关[23]。然而最近国内研究显示TLR4基因中Asp299Gly多态性的等位点G显著增加了罹患胃癌的风险,并未发现其与总体消化道肿瘤以及CRC的发生有明显的相关性,并且Thr399Ile的多态性等位点T与总体的消化道肿瘤及胃癌、CRC未见明显相关性[24]。可见TLR4受种族、基因位点等诸多因素的影响,还需要更多的研究数据来明确其与CRC的关系。

4 TLR4与CRC的发生、发展

流行病学资料表明慢性炎症是发生CRC的一个危险因素,患慢性炎症性肠病如溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)、克罗恩病通常与CRC发病率增长有关,超出20%的UC患者发展成CRC[25-26]。在炎症诱导的CRC组织中促炎介质白介素⁃8(interleukin⁃8,IL⁃8)、肿瘤坏死因子⁃α (tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α)、C反应蛋白(C⁃reactive protein,CRP)等明显升高,抑炎介质白介素⁃4(interleukin⁃4,IL⁃4)、白介素⁃10(interleukin⁃10,IL⁃10)水平则明显降低[25-26]。越来越多的证据支持促炎介质COX⁃2、PGE2、IL⁃6、CXC趋化因子受体2(CXC chemokine receptor 2,CXCR2)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)等在CRC的发病机制中起着关键作用[27-31]。研究发现NF⁃κB/IL⁃6信号通路对CRC的发展起到桥梁作用,并且贯穿于CRC的启动、促进和发展整个时期[27]。在CRC中COX2来源的PGE2通过沉默某些肿瘤抑癌基因或DNA修复基因促进肿瘤的生长[31];CXCR2通过募集骨髓来源的抑制细胞到肿瘤微环境中,从而加速结肠炎症和CRC的发生[28]。炎症浸润产生的ROS促进结肠上皮的增生[29]。有趣的是TLR4在人类或小鼠CRC中过表达,活化的TLR4信号通路促进大量炎性介质的产生,相应地TLR4基因敲除(toll⁃ like receptor⁃4 gene knockout,TLR4⁃/⁃)小鼠阻止了CRC的发生[30]。在炎症恢复期给予TLR4⁃/⁃小鼠补充PGE2促进了CRC的发生,其机制为补充PGE2重新诱导粘膜双调蛋白(amphiregulin,AR)、COX⁃2的表达和表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth fac⁃tor receptor,EGFR)的激活[31]。此外,TLR4,MD⁃2 和CXC趋化因子受体7(chemotaxis chemokine re⁃ceptor 7,CXCR7)明显高于正常组织,且与CRC的肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移和远处转移密切相关[3]:暴露于LPS的CRC细胞株中,CXCR7表达明显升高,TLR4、MD⁃2及CXCR7共表达促进了癌细胞株的增殖和迁移。最近发现通过TLR4/PI3K相互作用肿瘤来源的透明质酸(hyaluronan,HA)启动中性粒细胞的激活,激活的中性细胞主要集中在癌旁基质和癌巢中,并通过接触依赖机制上调恶性细胞的转移潜能,产生TNF⁃α,IL⁃1β等炎性介质,最终促进CRC的发生和疾病的进展[32]。以上结果表明了TLR4通过多条炎症调节轴反复产生大量炎性因子和炎性介质,进而促进了CRC的发生、发展。

5 TLR4与CRC的转移

循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)是肿瘤远处转移的关键因素,一个相对高数量的CTCs与疾病的进展和预后不良密切相关。自然杀伤(natural killer cells,NK)细胞中TLR4表达强度明显下降,导致NK细胞识别肿瘤特异性抗原的能力下降,从而导致CTCs细胞免疫逃逸而发生远处迁移[33]。然而CTCs粘附是CRC转移级联步骤中关键的一步,TLR4信号通过MyD88通路激活NF⁃κB,激活的NF⁃κB导致ROS释放[10],ROS进一步调节Wnt/β⁃catenin转移信号通路[15],促进CRC细胞粘附,增加了成功转移的风险。

6 调节TLR4信号通路对CRC预防和治疗

研究表明LPS/TLR4/NF⁃κB信号通路的激活释放大量的炎症因子及炎症介质,促进CRC的发生和转移[2,4-5]。因此,将TLR4信号通路作为CRC的防治和药物开发成为了研究重点。最近国内体外试验发现富士山苹果酸(modified Fuji apple polysaccharide,MAP)竞争性抑制LPS与TLR4的作用,从而抑制了LPS诱导的NF⁃κB的表达及COX2、基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metallopeptidase 9,MMP9)、基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metallopepti⁃dase 2,MMP2)、诱生型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)及PGE2等炎症物质的表达,并且促进了细胞质中NF⁃κB p65和κB抑制因子(inhibitor of κB,IκB)的表达[34]。同样国外Panaro等[35]研究发现植物萃取物白藜芦醇竞争性抑制LPS与TLR4的作用,进一步抑制IκB的下调和NF⁃κB的激活,从而抑制LPS诱导IL⁃1β、TNF⁃α促炎介质和COX⁃2、iNOS等促炎氧化酶激活物的产生。这些研究均不同程度抑制了LPS/TLR4/NF⁃κB信号转导通路所致的炎症反应,从而抑制了CRC的增殖和转移。而在APC(Min/+)小鼠模型中通过组成性激活上皮细胞中的TLR4的研究中,结果导致CRC肿瘤负荷明显降低,并且Cox⁃2蛋白明显减少,干扰素⁃β(interferon β,IFN⁃β)表达增加,Caspase⁃3活性明显增强[36]。由此可见,TLR4作为一个复杂的信号网络,其与CRC的发生、发展密切相关。而预防和治疗CRC有待于其机制的进一步研究。

7 展望

TLR4受体不仅在炎性肠炎到CRC的演变过程中表达明显升高,而且其表达水平、基因多态性影响了CRC的分级、分期及预后。TLR4受体通过LPS/TLR4/MD⁃2/Mal/MyD88通路启动NF⁃κB诱导的炎症反应,从而影响CRC的发生、发展。调节TLR4信号通路可抑制CRC的增殖和转移。基于TLR4的表达水平与CRC的发生、发展密切相关,是否可将TLR4的表达水平作为动态监测指标有待于研究。由于TLR4的基因多肽性具有种族特异性,可进一步对我国患者TLR4基因型进行测序以明确其高危基因位点,从而达到对CRC进行早期干预和预防作用。尽管TLR4在CRC中扮演的角色研究已取得了一些成果,但是TLR4作为一个错综复杂的信号通路中的一个重要分子,其分子机制和干预治疗需要进一步的研究。建立理想的结直肠炎相关的CRC动物模型,深入探索和早期干预TLR4信号通路,可以为CRC的预防或治疗提供新的策略。

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综述

The relationship of toll⁃like receptor 4 and colorectal cancer

ZHAO Xiangmei,DAI Shengming
(Liuzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Diseases and Prevention,Clinical Laboratory,Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Liuzhou,Guangxi,China,545005)

[ABSTRACT]The purpose of this article is to study the role that toll⁃like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays in colitis associated colorecal cancer (CRC). The activated TLR4 activates nuclear factor⁃κB (NF⁃κB) by myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which produces inflammatory mediators and recruits inflammatory cells to form the tumor microenvironment. TLR4 becomes a link between inflammation and cancer throughout the whole process of the occurrence and development of CRC. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the involvement of the TLR4 pathway in the initiation, progression, metastasis,inherited genetic variation, and epigenetic regulation of CRC will be discussed. In particular,the physiological role of TLR4 in the development and pathogenesis of CRC, and promising approaches for the therapy of CRC by TLR4 will be proposed.

[KEY WORDS]Toll⁃like receptor 4(TLR4);Colorectal cancer;Occurrence;Development

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81160269)

通讯作者:戴盛明,E⁃mail:Daishm@sina.com

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