词义猜测题盘点

2016-05-14 10:42张海涛
高中生学习·高三版 2016年8期
关键词:指代代词词义

张海涛

猜测词义是应用英语的一种重要能力,也是高考阅读理解中的必考题型,常在试卷中占两分或四分的比重。因而,对同学们来说,了解及命题特点并掌握相关技巧显得尤为重要。

[命题特点和趋势]

对于词义猜测题,命题中着重考查同学们利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查:

1. 要求根据阅读材料,结合高中生应有的常识和经验,判断生词、词组或者是熟词在特定语境中表达的含义以及一些句子的意思;

2. 代词复指理解题也是词义猜测的常考类型。

设问形式有:

The underlined word ... in the ... paragraph refers to/means ...

By saying ... in ... paragraph, the author means ...

Which of the following has the closest meaning to ...

The word ... can be replaced by ...

The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ...

[应试策略]

通常说来,解决词义猜测题主要有两大技巧,一是通过构词法,另一个便是通过具体语境。

1. 根据构词法判断词义

三种构词法,即合成、转化、派生,是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。

合成法——通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测其含义;

转化法——通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思,常见的是名词和动词,形容词和动词以及形容词和名词之间的相互转化;

派生法——由一个词根加前缀或后缀构成另外一个单词,一般说来前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性。

例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) 27. What does The underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A. Mistake B. Drawback

C. Difficulty D. Burden

解析 B。

请看文章原句:Encouraging this new kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking ... 从文章意思可知,这种新的思考方式有一个 ,根据后面I ran the risk ...(我冒了……的风险),那应该是说它有着缺点和不足。另外根据构词知识可知,该词是由down跟side构成的合成词。我们知道down这个单词一般是“下,低落”等不好的意思,而side这个单词意思是“方面,侧面”。“不好的方面”,自然就是一个事物的不足或缺点了。

2. 根据语境判断词义

这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的能力。构成语境的可能是一个句子,几个句子,甚至一个段落或通篇文章。

(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测

有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义、解释或举例,这是判断该词或短语意义的最直接的依据。

例2 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in paragraph 1?

A. provider

B. delivery man

C. collector

D. medical doctor

解析 B。

请看文章:I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.根据这一段中的since march 2012, Ive done ... in my little box. 这一举例,便可知作者是干细胞传递员。

例3 (2016·北京卷) 68. The underlined word “passage” in paragraph 2 means .

A. change B. choice

C. text D. extension

解析 A。

请看原文:Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. 分析句子结构可知passage后面的from ... to ...是修饰passage的定语,对passage起了解释说明的作用,从家庭的庇护到有自主性和成年人的责任,很明显这是一个转变,所以选择A。

(2)根据逻辑关系进行推测

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。

1)根据对比、比较关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象的对比性描述,我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构:while引导的并列句。与对比关系不同,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等。

例4 (2014·全国卷Ⅰ) 25. The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons _______.

A. escape B. ruin

C. liberation D. evolution

解析 B。

请看原文第二、三自然段:

It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.

Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing ...

通过文章我们可以看出前面是说旅鸽数量极其庞大,而第三自然段一个sadly,话锋一转,那肯定是说的与前文相反的不好的状况,可以判断undoing应该是毁灭、死亡的意思。故而选择B。

2)根据因果关系猜测词义

在句子或段落中,若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。

例5 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) 10. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in paragraph 3 mean?

A. A practical idea.

B. A vain hope.

C. A brilliant plan.

D. A selfish desire.

解析 B。

请看文章第三段:There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. 根据这段话可知,Orleans Reinette这个品种虽然口感好,但是对种植环境和土壤要求高,因此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说,只能是一种空想。故而选B。

3)根据说明、并列、同义、近义、反义等关系猜测词义

在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境所表明的关系猜测词义。

例6 (2015·全国卷Ⅰ) 31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Artworks B. Projects

C. Donations D. Documents

解析 A。

根据文章最后一段The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.根据 and可知前后应该描述的是同一类事件,前面提到精选的展品来自通力合作,列举了西班牙马德里的博物馆,那么圣彼得斯堡博物馆提供的也应该是艺术作品。故选A。

例7 (2015·全国卷Ⅱ) 22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in paragraph 1?

A. ended all their programs

B. provided fewer channels

C. changed to commercials

D. showed all-night movies

解析 A。

请看原文:The set worked so beautiful when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. 根据最后一句幸运的是我没有可以整晚看电影的频道,所以可以判断前面说的应该是“我”会一直看,直到电视台停止播放。故而选A。

3. 根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测

文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。代词指代题的出处一定是在上文。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。

例8 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) 30. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The book

B. An adventure

C. A public place

D. The identification number

解析 A。

由it所在的第二段Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, travelling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.可知,此处的it指代的是the book。

例9 (2016·全国卷Ⅲ) 6. The underlined word “them” in paragraph 6 refers to Weltys _____.

A. readers B. parties

C. friends D. stories

解析 D。

由them所在段的内容My friend said,“Now we believe your stories,”Welty added. And I said,“Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.”可知,them指的就是前文提到的stories。

[结语]

词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同学们应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义,切不可脱离语境主观臆断。

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