龚思竹
英语阅读一直以来都是高考备考的难点,甚至有人说“得阅读者得英语”。最困扰同学们的是“主旨大意”类题目。从2016年各地的高考真题命题来看,主旨大意考题有比重减少的趋势,但必考。
[设问形式]
1. what may be the best title for the text?
2. what does the story intend to tell us?
3. This passage shows that _____.
4. what may be the main idea of the last paragraph?
5. the passage is mainly about _____.
总的说来,要求选择最佳标题占多数,部分考查段落大意,还有的考查篇章主旨。如何才能得分呢?其实阅读很简单,但判断“答案”时往哪里找很关键。
[主旨大意哪里“找”]
例1 (2016·全国卷Ⅰ) 35. What may be the best title for the text?
A. Sound and Silence
B. What It Means to Be Silent
C. Silence to Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gol
解题思路 在首段首句中找
关键词 silence
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups。与B项What It Means to Be Silent对应。纵观全文,首段中包含了主旨大意。
排除法,排除A,本文没有对比sound and silence。
排除法,排除C,C项片面,只是第二段的内容。
D项“沉默是金”不是文章要表达的主旨。
例2 (2016·全国卷Ⅱ) 32. What is the best title for the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour
B. Electronic Books: A new Trend
C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D. A Website Links People Through Books
解题思路 在首段首句和末段首句中找
关键词 Bookcrossing, books
首段中they choose books to read and then meet to discuss them ... Bookcrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual (虚拟) ...与D项符合。
排除法,排除A。关键词不是online reading。
同上,排除B。同上,更不是Electronic books。
同理。排除C。本文讲的是网络平台把读书人通过分享书籍联系起来,而不是book group恢复传统。
例3 (2016·北京卷) 62. What does the story intend to tell us?
A. Little people can make a big difference
B. A friend in need is a friend indeed
C. East or West, home is best
D. Technology is power
解题思路 归纳总结。记叙文要看故事情节才能领会作者要表达的意思。本文讲的是小女孩在灾后通过自己的力量帮助了陷于困境的人们。
关键词 Natalie, help
排除法。排除B、C、D,选择A(小人物也有大作为),答案一目了然。B(患难之交才是真朋友),C(金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝),D(技术就是力量)均不合题意。
例4 (2016·北京卷) 66. This passage shows that .
A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B. Rideouts research interest lies in electric engineering
C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem
解题思路 在首段、末段中找
关键词 treatment, condors
首段中有 ... electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds,末段中有although these measures are not not effective forever, they are vital for now,所以选择C(efforts to protect condors have brought good results)。排除A,A项片面,表述的只是好的结果之一,并非主旨。同理排除B,本文不是讲研究兴趣在于电子工程。D项不够具体。
例5 (2016·天津卷) 55. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Success Is Built Upon Failure
B. How to Handle Performance Fatigue
C. Getting Over Fatigue: A Way to Success
D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems
解题思路 首段末段结合
关键词 fatigue
二者结合得出C:克服疲倦,走向成功(Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success)。排除A(失败是成功之母);排除B,片面;排除D,无关。
例6 (2016·四川卷) 34. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep
B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice
D. Milk Drinking and Health
解题思路 首段内容
关键词 night milk, sleep
选择A(Night Milk and Sleep),可轻易排除B、C、D。
例7 (2016·浙江卷) 53. What may be the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.
B. Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D. Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
解题思路 末段首句
关键词 childrens play, scientific investigation
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientist.转折后的内容才是重点,清楚地表明了主旨。B项正确。
[出题特点]
主旨大意类题目在说明文、记叙文、科普说明等题材中都有设置。主要考查方式有最佳标题、段落大意、篇章主旨等。出题主要针对首段和末段。也不乏有需要同学们归纳、总结的题目。同学们要熟悉各种题材的写作特点,这样能更好地了解作者的思路、意图。同时要针对各种题材专项训练。
[方法指导]
在题例中我们反复使用了“找”“关键词”“排除法”。因为有百分之九十的答案是真的可以“找到”的。大部分题目答案的解题手段就是“找”,有耐心,不慌乱,找到答案不难。另外,“关键词”会反复出现。找到关键词,定位到合适的段落,很容易得出正确结论。排除法也很有效,有的选项片面,有的宽泛笼统,有的答非所问,有的张冠李戴,有的无中生有,有的主观臆断。结合三种方法,分题材,分专题,限时训练,就一定能攻克阅读障碍。即便是很难的文章,掌握了关键词,找到了相应的地方,排除了干扰项,同学们也能跨越生词障碍,选出正确选项,取得阅读理解的胜利。