攻克阅读理解之“一二三”

徐鸿鸣

本文归纳了备考阅读理解的“一二三”战略：一指一个纲要；二指两大解题思想；三指解题三步走。

[一个纲要]

英语高考考试大纲要求同学们读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。同学们应能理解主旨和要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义，作出简单判断和推理，理解文章的基本结构，理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

无论何种设题，其阅读和理解的方式都大致相同。我们总结出了解题思想和三大解题步骤。

[两大解题思想]

推理判断有两大解题思想，即“立足原文，只推一步”和“推得近的>推得远的”。

1. 立足原文，只推一步

即根据原文内容，一步即可推得，不应推理过深、过多，这样反而会陷入出题人所设的圈套或偏离主旨。

例1 （2016·全国卷Ⅱ）

I am Peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips—of those ， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞） in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor （捐献者） to the time they can be implanted in the patient， weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence， Rhode Island， and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence， the lady on the desk said：“Well， Im really sorry， Ive got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please， please， youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed （改道） me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.

For this courier job， youre consciously aware that in that box youre got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1？

A. provider B. delivery man

C. collector D. medical doctor

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours？

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice wont last any longer.

31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first？

A. To London. B. To Newark.

C. To Providence. D. To Washington.

解析 29. B。词义猜测题。根据本段内容Ive done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段可知作者是运送干细胞的人，即delivery man。

30. D。细节理解题。根据第一段第二句I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.可知冰盒只能保持42小时适宜的温度。故选D 。

31. B。细节理解题。根据第二段末句 She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me， re-routed me through Newark可知，这位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故选 B。

以上各题都是基于文中本身的信息，仅推一步便可知道答案。像29小题A、C、D以及其他各题的干扰选项都是没有立足于本文信息而作了没有根据的推理。

2. 首段首句优先

“首段首句优先”是指在定位中应优选选择先叙述的内容，要特别关注各个段落的首句，尤其是首段首句，无需舍近求远，深挖细钻。

例2 （2016·全国卷Ⅱ）

Simons Workshop

5∶00 pm-7∶30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage

This is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks at every kind of comedy， and practices many different ways of making people laugh. Simon is a comedian and actor who has 10 years experience of teaching comedy. His workshops are exciting and fun. An evening with Simon will give you the confidence to be funny.

23. What do we know about Simons Workshop？

A. It requires membership status.

B. It lasts three hours each time.

C. It is run by a comedy club.

D. It is held every Wednesday.

解析 23. D。细节理解题。根据第三则广告第二行中的5∶00 pm-7∶30 pm Wednesdays at Victoria Stage就能直接概括答案，无需再去纠结其他选项。这一原则对主旨大意题特别有用。众所周知，一般文章的主旨大意大都设在第一段，且多数为第一句话。

[解题三步走 ]

阅读理解解题一般要经历三步走。具体而言还应遵循“三步走，三原则，三句读，点对点”的原则。

第一步：划定位词

所谓定位词，就是在题干中出现且能够帮助我们迅速定位原文的词。定位词要遵循三原则：

1. 人名、地名、专有名词、时间、数字优先划

人名、地名、专有名词都是以大写字母开头的，所以我们也可以把以上规则称作大写字母、时间、数字优先划。 如2016年北京卷阅读理解B篇的3个小题：

59. When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane， she found ______.

60. According to paragraph 4， who inspired Natalie most？

61. How did Natalie help the survivors？

这三个小题的定位词分别是：59. Rockaway，hurricane；60. paragraph 4，inspired；61. survivors。

带着这些定位词便可以直接将信息源分别定位在第3段、第4段和倒数第3段，快速找到所需信息。

2. 独特的名词优先于独特的动词、形容词和副词

独特，是指在浩瀚的文章中易于辨识的词，此词越少见越独特，比如people与beautiful谁更独特？答案当然是beautiful。那为什么优先划名词呢？因为名词的稳定性较高，不像动词、形容词、副词那样变化多端且同义词多。诸如名词apple的同义词你三秒内几乎反应不出来，而形容词beautiful你可以反应出一大堆，比如attractive，smart，gorgeous，所以名词的稳定性远远大于动词、形容词和副词，应该优先划。

3. 常用词、主题词不能做定位词

这些词在文章中出现频率很高，如2015年全国卷Ⅰ的最后一篇阅读理解讲法国心理咖啡馆，café作为文章主题词一抓一大把，自然不可划做定位词。

定位词划出来的数目不宜太多或太少，2到4个之间最为理想。

第二步：根据定位词定位信息源，三句读

读定位词在文中的当句， 看能不能确定答案，如不能，则读其下句和上句，此所谓“三句读”。在阅读的时候，务必注意将题干中的定位词与文中信息一一对应。

第三步：利用“两大解题思想”作出正确选择

在选项中找出满足“立足原文，只推一步”或“首段首句优先”这两条原则中其中一条的正确选项。

例3 （2016·全国卷Ⅰ）Five years ago， when I taught art at a school in Seattle， I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student， and said， “Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today—and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week.”

A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.

Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect （感染） other students.

Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare， “But Im just not creative.”

“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”

“Oh， sure.”

“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”

“Nobody. I do it.”

“Really—at night， when youre asleep？”

“Sure.”

“Try doing it in the daytime， in class， okay？”

25. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ________？

A. know more about the students

B. make the lessons more exciting

C. raise the students interest in art

D. teach the students about toy design

26. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. He liked to help his teacher.

B. He preferred to study alone.

C. He was active in class.

D. He was imaginative.

27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Mistake. B. Drawback.

C. Difficulty. D. Burden.

28. Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams？

A. To help them to see their creativity.

B. To find out about their sleeping habits.

C. To help them to improve their memory.

D. To find out about their ways of thinking.

解析 25. A。细节理解题。根据“首段首句优先”原则，我们先通过关键词Tinkertoys定位到文章首段。首段有一句I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students。to表示目的，我们可以看出find out something about my students就是“我”的目的，即“了解学生”。

26. D。推理判断题。根据第3段可知这个孩子利用空闲时间拼装了很多玩具，摆满了艺术教室的架子和他自己的卧室。本段中的Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.也说明了他是一个很有创造力的人。imaginative一词可直接概括，无需再考虑其他信息。

27. B。词义猜测题。根据划线单词后一句I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.可知“我”冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险。这说明“我”的这种教育方法也有不足之处。故划线词意为drawback（缺点）。

28. A。推理判断题。根据定位词talk about，dreams定位到文章最后7段，根据对话内容可知“我”鼓励孩子们说出最有趣的梦，并鼓励他们在白天的课堂里把梦的内容做出来。“我”这样做的目的是让他们看到自己的创造性和想象力。故A正确。其他选项离“我”的真实想法都太远。