杨越楠 商 进 杨丽颖
包头医学院第一附属医院皮肤科,包头014010
寻常狼疮误诊为Ⅰ型单纯疱疹1例
杨越楠 商 进 杨丽颖
包头医学院第一附属医院皮肤科,包头014010
寻常狼疮是皮肤结核病中最常见的一种类型,是由结核分枝杆菌直接侵犯皮肤或者由其他脏器结核灶内的结核分枝杆菌经血行或淋巴系统播散到皮肤组织所致的皮肤损害。因该病累及部位不同,临床表现也复杂多变,极易造成误诊。本文报道1例2015年2月在本院就诊的寻常狼疮患者,因起病症状、病情发作特点与单纯疱疹相似而误诊,追朔病史发现此病例多次误诊、致使病情迁延。本文通过对其分析,进一步阐述该病的临床特点及误诊原因,提醒医师对本病的认识,以便更好地服务于患者。
寻常狼疮;Ⅰ型单纯疱疹;误诊
皮肤结核病由结核分枝杆菌直接侵犯皮肤或者由其他脏器结核灶内的结核分枝杆菌经血行或淋巴系统播散到皮肤组织所致的皮肤损害,而寻常狼疮是皮肤结核中最为常见的一种类型,在皮肤结核中占半数,可累及面颊部、鼻子、结膜及臀部,其皮损形态各异,固常引起误诊、误治,它不仅影响容貌,还对人身体健康造成严重损害[1-3]。随着其发病率逐年升高,引起越来越多皮肤科医生的高度重视,现对1例寻常狼疮患者误诊为单纯疱疹报道如下。
患者,女,58岁。因右侧面部暗红色丘疹3年,破溃、结痂伴痒痛7个月余,于2015年2月来我院就诊。患者于3年前无明显诱因右侧面部出现1个米粒大小红色丘疹,触碰后有疼痛感,在当地私人诊所以过敏治疗,予以口服及外用药治疗(药物不详),未见好转。7个月前红斑、丘疹逐渐扩大形成五分钱币大小斑块。在当地多家医院就诊,予“阿昔洛韦片”“泛昔洛韦片”等药物口服,局部外涂阿昔洛韦软膏等药治疗,均无明显效果。随后皮损形成溃疡、结痂,范围扩大,为进一步诊治来我院就诊。患者平素体健,无肺结核病史,父母及兄妹均无肺结核史。体格检查:一般情况好,发育正常,心、肺、腹部查体未见异常。皮肤专科情况:右侧面部红肿,可见数个融合成片的褐黑色浸润性损害,直径1~3 cm,表面高低不平,触之柔软,形成浅表溃疡,呈圆形,颧骨皮损中有凹陷性萎缩性瘢痕(图1)。
图1 右侧面部浸润性黑褐色损害
实验室及辅助检查:血常规、红细胞沉降率、肝肾功能检查未见异常;检测皮损渗出液,未检出单纯疱疹病毒;抗核抗体,补体C3、C4均阴性;胸片显示:肺部未见异常。皮损部皮屑真菌镜检及培养:镜下未见孢子及菌丝,真菌培养结果为阴性。皮肤病理组织学检查显示:可见多个结核结节(图2)以及大量的淋巴细胞、上皮样细胞及巨细胞浸润真皮组织,巨细胞多由核呈花环样或栅样排列的朗罕细胞组成(图3)。
图2 结核结节(×4)
图3 朗罕细胞(×40)
结核菌素试验结果为强阳性反应,结合以上结果,诊断为皮肤结核病(寻常狼疮型),建议患者积极抗结核治疗,给予异烟肼100 mg,3次/d,2周后复诊,注意肝肾损害、神经系统及视神经损害等药物副作用,随时门诊复诊。
皮肤结核是由结核杆菌侵入皮肤而引起的慢性感染性皮肤病,以寻常狼疮最为多见,好发于面部、头部、颈部、臀部及躯干等处[4-5]。基本损害为粟粒致豌豆大小红色斑疹或斑丘疹,逐渐形成暗红色结节,用玻片按压有苹果酱样改变。病程长者皮损破溃自愈后形成瘢痕,还可在已愈的瘢痕上再发新的结节样皮损[6-8]。
该病皮损形态多样,易与孢子丝菌病、单纯性疱疹、红斑狼疮等相混淆,因此对其皮屑进行真菌培养和真菌镜检检查,对渗出液进行单纯疱疹病毒检测,并进行抗核抗体、补体C3、C4检测,其结果均为阴性,分别排除上述疾病。本例患者结核菌素试验表现为强阳性,且其病理改变较典型,可见多个结核性结节,有大量淋巴细胞、上皮样细胞及朗罕细胞浸润,无干酪样坏死,因此诊断为寻常狼疮。
此病临床上需与下列疾病相鉴别。①结节病:结节病的结节较狼疮结节坚实,有浸润感,一般不破溃。结核菌素试验为阴性。②结节性梅毒疹:梅毒性结节发展较快,可成匐行状排列,质硬如软骨,铜红色,常破溃,溃疡呈穿凿状,愈后结瘢。梅毒血清反应阳性。其病理改变主要为浆细胞浸润及血管变化。③盘状红斑性狼疮:本病皮疹颜色鲜红,表面附有黏着性菲薄鳞屑,毛囊口扩张,内含角栓,无狼疮结节及溃疡。④深部真菌病:结节常破溃、结瘢,真菌培养阳性。组织病理学可查获病原菌。⑤结核样型麻风:结节较狼疮结节稍硬,患处感觉障碍为其特点,有周围神经粗大及肢体麻木、畸形,并出现营养性溃疡。
本例患者长期没有明确诊断,其原因主要有:①基层医生对本病的诊断经验不足,虽然近年来皮肤结核发病率呈上升趋势,但接诊医生仍然缺乏重视,草率行事,造成误诊;②本病临床表现多样,自觉症状轻微或无,不影响患者的正常生活,使很多患者疏于早期诊疗,或基层医生诊断不明确,选用不恰当的外用药物,使皮损得不到正确治疗而扩大和加重;③基层医生对于皮肤病需做组织病理检查的意识较淡薄,且在基层医院没有专门从事皮肤病理的医生,因此不能及时明确诊断;④医生责任心不强,当疾病反复时,很多医生并没有考虑是否是因为诊断错误及治疗不当而致疾病加重,因此也没有及时建议患者到上级医院会诊。
寻常狼疮误诊会引起严重后果,面部可致容貌损坏[9-10];眼部可致结膜炎、角膜溃疡甚至失明[11-13];四肢可因瘢痕而至挛缩畸形[14-15];还可侵犯全身各部位的骨骼及黏膜[16-17];此外由于炎症长期不愈,还可合并基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌等疾病[18-19],因此,当临床医生遇到类似病例时一定要考虑到本病,并作进一步检查以明确诊断,避免误诊、误治及伤残。
[1]Nair PA,Mehta MJ,Patel BB.Ulcerative lupus vulgaris over nose,leading to cosmetic deformity[J].Indian J Dermatol,2015,60(1):104.
[2]Pilani A,Vora RV.Lupus vulgaris:unusual presentation on face[J].Indian J Lepr,2014,86(2):61-64.
[3]Vazquez-Lopez F,Fueyo-Casado A,Gonzalez-Lara L.Lupus vulgaris erythematoides:report of a patient initially misdiagnosed as dermatitis[J].Dermatol Online J,2013,19(5):18187.
[4]Verma S,Verma G,Shanker V,et al.Facial lupus vulgaris of bilateral periorbital skin and conjunctiva:a case report andbrief review[J].Indian J Med Microbiol,2015,33(1):168-171.
[5]Santesteban R,Bonaut B,Córdoba A,et al.Paradoxical reaction to antituberculosis therapy in a patient with lupus vulgaris[J].Actas Dermosifiliogr,2015,106(2):e7-e12.
[6]Goyal T,Varshney A,Bakshi SK.Lupus vulgaris in a young girl[J].Ann Saudi Med,2013,33(4):404-406.
[7]Bansal S,Sahoo B,Garg VK,et al.Periocular lupus vulgaris secondary to lacrimal sac tuberculosis:a rare presentation with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging in localizing the primary focus of infection[J].Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2013,79(3):425-427.
[8]刘艳,白美容,康每.臀部寻常狼疮误诊为皮肤细菌感染一例[J].中国防痨杂志,2013,35(7):551-552.
[9]刘汉平.寻常狼疮误诊为红斑狼疮1例[J].中国皮肤性病学杂志,2013,27(12):1298,1305.
[10]Striegel AK,Nazzal R,Fabri M,et al.Two cases of lupus vulgaris in childhood and review of the clinical challenges[J].Klin Padiatr,2014,226(1):40-43.
[11]Tsikeloudi M,Lallas A,Sidiropoulos T,et al.Imiquimod as neoadjuvant treatment for giant keratoacanthoma arising on a background of lupus vulgaris[J].Clin Exp Dermatol,2014,39(1):60-62.
[12]Rhodes J,Caccetta TP,Tait C.Lupus vulgaris:difficulties in diagnosis[J].Australas J Dermatol,2013,54(2):e53-e55.
[13]Sultana A,Bhuiyan MS,Haque A,et al.Pattern of cutaneous tuberculosis among children and adolescent[J].Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull,2012,38(3):94-97.
[14]陶晓苹,伍友成,刘林.增殖性寻常狼疮[J].临床皮肤科杂志,2004,33(8):455-456.
[15]Kumar P,Mondal A,Lal NR,et al.Lupus vulgaris?in a child:a complication of ear piercing[J].Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2014,80(1):97.
[16]Kanada KN,Schwartz BS,Pincus LB,et al.A therapeutic trial of antituberculous therapy for suspected lupus vulgaris:how long does it take to see clinical improvement[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2013,69(5):e252-e254.
[17]Arunkumar JS,Naveen KN,Prasad KC,et al.Lupus vulgaris of external nose—a case report[J].J Indian Med Assoc,2013,111(2):130-131,134.
[18]Kumar S,Gondane S,Kasliwal N.Squamous cell carcinoma mimicking lupus vulgaris[J].Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol,2015,81(2):206-208.
[19]Attallah S,Hali F,Marnissi F,et al.Lupus vulgaris tumor nickname of the forearm[J].Presse Med,2014,43(4 Pt 1):475-477.
Lupus vulgaris misdiagnosed as type Ⅰ herpes simplex in 1 case
YANG Yue-nan SHANG Jin YANG Li-ying
Department of Dermatology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College,Baotou 014010,China
Lupus vulgaris is one of the commonest type of skin tuberculosis,which is skin lesion caused by direct skin violation of mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium tuberculosis spreading from other organ tuberculosis foci to skin tissue through blood or lymphatic system.Because the disease affects different areas and displays complex clinical manifestations,it is prone to be misdiagnosed.This paper reports 1 case of lupus vulgaris treated in our hospital in February 2015,which was misdiagnosed due to its similar onset symptoms and features with herpes simplex.Review of medical history found that this case was misdiagnosed for multiple times,and leading to protracted illness.Through analysis,this paper further illustrated the clinical features and misdiagnosis causes of this disease and reminded physicians of the understanding of the disease in order to serve the patients better.
Lupus vulgaris;Type Ⅰ herpes simplex;Misdiagnosis
R752.9
A
1674-4721(2015)12(b)-0166-03
2015-06-05 本文编辑:许俊琴)