张晓倩,刘少壮,综述 胡三元,审校
(山东大学齐鲁医院,山东 济南,250012)
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)与糖尿病同属于代谢性疾病,已知减重手术可有效且稳定地减轻体重,缓解糖尿病,那么减重手术是否可以用于稳定粥样斑块,缓解AS 呢?目前,有大量临床研究探讨减重手术对AS 发生发展的影响,以此来确定减重手术是否对治疗AS 也有效。本文就减重手术对AS 发生发展指标的影响进行综述。
AS 是一种慢性炎症疾病,炎症牵连AS 从发病到斑块破裂的每一个阶段。传统的炎症模式开始于动脉内膜功能受损,粘附因子表达上调,脂质沉积和浸润,巨噬细胞吞噬脂质形成泡沫细胞,并释放炎症因子,炎症因子趋化血小板聚集,形成斑块[1]。体内、体外实验已经证实高敏C 反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)直接参与了AS 发生的炎症反应[2],并且是心血管疾病强有力的预示因子与独立危险因子[3-4],高水平的hs-CRP 可预测AS 斑块的稳定性[5]。Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]通过对腹腔镜可调节胃束带术后患者血hs-CRP 的检测,发现术后患者血清hs-CRP 水平下降[7],粥样斑块稳定性增强。Unek 等[8]对148 位肥胖非糖尿病患者血hs-CRP、可溶性CD40 配体(sCD40L)浓度和体重指数(body mass index,BMI)的检测,发现hs-CRP 和BMI 之间,sCD40L 和BMI 之间呈正相关关系,说明了代谢性疾病患者的体重指数是慢性炎症状态很重要的决定因素。但是在Domienik-Karłowicz 等[9]的研究中,未发现这一相关性。现在sCD40L 被认为是AS 炎症反应的生物标志物,是AS 发展的预测因子[10]。在一次动物实验中,给予CD40 抗体,抑制CD40/sCD40L 炎症通路后,AS 发展进程显著减缓,粥样斑块稳定性增强[11]。CD40/sCD40L 炎症通路在AS 的发展过程中起重要作用,它可以促进炎症反应,介导免疫排斥[12],sCD40L 在病态肥胖患者体内高于正常人,减重手术后,男性血清sCD40L 浓度显著降低,女性血清sCD40L 浓度下降不明显[13]。近几年新发现的AS 炎症标志物脂蛋白磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,LP-PLA2),是由成熟巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞合成并分泌的,被认为可以独立预测AS 事件。人血液中80%的LP-PLA2 与低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)结合,20% 与高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)结合。它有促进AS 的作用,也有抑制AS 发展的作用,目前研究其促进AS 发展的作用较多[14]。AS 炎症发展到严重程度,将要或者已经出现向血管内腔破裂时,LP-PLA2 将会被大量释放入血液,致使其血液内的水平大幅升高,因此血液中LP-PLA2 的浓度就可以反映AS 斑块的炎症程度。Julve 等[15]对21 例行减重手术的肥胖患者进行血清LP-PLA2 浓度测定,发现术后1年血清LP-PLA2 水平较术前明显降低,但是Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]通过对32 例肥胖患者手术前后LP-PLA2 浓度的比较,未发现LP-PLA2 的变化差异有统计学意义。
血管内皮细胞在某些病理条件下被激活,继而表达一些黏附分子和细胞因子,黏附分子在内皮细胞损伤和血管病变过程中起着重要作用。在体内,选择蛋白介导的粘附信号有助于内皮AS 形成[16]。因此,这些可溶性粘附分子--细胞间粘附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、血管间粘附分子-1(vascular adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)、sE-选择素,sP-选择素可作为血管内皮功能障碍生物标记的指标。ICAM-1、VCAM-1 在血管内皮细胞表面的表达增加,促使单核细胞、中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞与血管内皮细胞相结合,通过释放蛋白酶、氧自由基直接损伤血管内皮细胞,损伤后的内皮细胞通透性增高,允许LDL 等大分子物质进入内皮下成为粥样斑块的主要成分。血清中可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)和可溶性血管间粘附分子-1(soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1,sVCAM-1)浓度与粥样斑块的厚度有关[17]。活化的血小板表达P-选择素,激活的内皮细胞表达E-选择素和P-选择素。血浆P-选择素是增加冠心病风险的独立标志物[18],已经注意到在高胆固醇血症大鼠的主动脉P-选择素的表达增加[19]。在体外,抑制P-选择素后显示血小板聚集减少和血小板-白细胞粘附减少[20]。在P-选择素基因敲除的小鼠,粥样斑块生长减慢,新生内膜增厚减少[21]。在动物模型中破坏P 选择素配体-1(P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1,PSGL-1)降低了AS 的危险性[22],异常高的P-选择素水平遗传工程小鼠模型表现出AS 易感性的增加[23]。减重手术后,AS 患者血清sICAM-1 浓度显著降低[24-25]。Hanusch-Enserer 等[6]对行腹腔镜可调节胃束带术的32 名肥胖患者血清中的sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-选择素、BMI 进行检测,发现术后1年,sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-选择素的血清浓度与术前相比显著降低,并且sE-选择素与BMI 呈正相关关系。但也有研究指出,E-选择素水平与体重指数无关。
纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1,PAI-1)是组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue plasminogen activator,tPA)的生理性抑制剂,是纤溶系统的主要抑制因子。Schneileman 等1992年首次报道了人AS 血管中PAI-1表达增强,且PAI-1 mRNA 水平与AS 病变严重程度一致。目前认为,纤溶系统功能失衡有助于AS 的发生和发展,血管损伤处及血清中PAI-1 增多是AS 发生的主要原因。PAI-1作为纤溶酶原活化过程的重要调节者,不仅影响血栓形成,还参与平滑肌细胞增殖迁移和细胞外基质积聚,诱导LDL 与血管平滑肌细胞增生结合,大量沉积于细胞外基质,促进脂纹和粥样斑块形成,从而促进AS 的发生发展。减重手术可显著降低血清中PAI-1 浓度,从而减小AS 的危险性,稳定斑块[6,26-27]。有人提出建议,减重手术带来积极的成果,是因为术后PAI-1 水平的降低[28]。
脂质和脂蛋白代谢紊乱在AS 的发生和粥样斑块形成过程中起重要作用。LDL 胆固醇可以促进AS 的形成,HDL 抑制AS 的形成,许多AS 患者表现为血清中高水平的LDL 胆固醇和低水平的HDL 胆固醇[29]。我们了解到在过去的20年里,降低LDL 胆固醇预防和缓解AS 是极为成功的[30]。目前,临床上普遍用降脂药物治疗粥样硬化疾病,并有一定疗效,说明降低水平的胆固醇和甘油三酯可以缓解AS。近年来对减重手术研究发现,减重手术可有效并稳定地降低LDL胆固醇、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和甘油三酯,升高HDL 胆固醇[31-32]。
目前认为基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)的增多与斑块的不稳定性密切相关。MMP 能够降解细胞外所有的基质成分,有研究发现AS 斑块中MMP 蛋白及活性明显升高,MMP 升高可降解纤维帽中的胶原纤维,易导致纤维帽变薄,甚至破裂。其中MMP-2 和MMP-9 在减重手术稳定粥样斑块的机制中研究较多。大量研究表明,相对于体重正常的患者,病态肥胖患者的MMP-9 水平更高[33],是AS 形成的诱使因素。有研究指出MMP-2、MMP-9 与BMI 呈正相关[34],减重手术后,血浆MMP-2、MMP-9 浓度随体重的下降而下降[35]。在Domienik-Karłowicz 等[9]的研究中,减重手术后MMP-2 水平显著下降,降低了粥样斑块的不稳定性;血浆MMP 和BMI 之间无统计学意义的相关性。但在Hanusch-Enserer[6]的研究结果中,术后MMP-9 下降,MMP-2 升高。
脂联素(adiponectin,APN)是脂肪细胞分泌的一种激素蛋白,可以抑制炎症反应、改善胰岛素敏感性、抗AS,被认为是人类健康长寿的有利因素。APN 是一个心血管保护因子,能抑制炎性细胞因子,增加NO 的生成,抑制平滑肌细胞的增殖,抑制内皮细胞的凋亡,从而缓解AS[36-37]。体外实验发现,生理浓度的APN 就可以抑制VCAM-1、ICAM-1、E-选择素的形成[38]。人血中APN 水平低于7 000 ng/ml(低脂联素血症)被认为是心血管并发症的高危险因素[39]。目前,对血清APN 浓度对AS 病程影响的研究较多,在病态肥胖患者体内,APN 浓度低于正常对照组,心血管疾病的发病率高于对照组。血浆APN 浓度与BMI 呈负相关关系[40],与动脉内膜中层厚度也呈负相关关系[41]。减重手术在减轻患者体重的同时升高血清APN 浓度[9,24],稳定了粥样斑块。
目前,减重手术在减重和治疗糖尿病方面已取得很大成果。研究发现AS 发病机制中的许多细胞因子都与BMI 有相关性。减重手术后,BMI 的降低可引起与AS 发生发展有关的一些细胞因子的改善,从而缓解AS。已知hs-CRP 是一种非特异性炎症细胞因子,并通过增加炎性细胞浸润,扩增氧化应激,损害内皮功能及减少NO 产生,加速AS 的形成和斑块的破裂[42],APN 是心血管事件的保护因子。有研究指出,BMI 与hs-CRP 正相关,与APN 负相关,hs-CRP/APN 的比值可以作为AS 临床事件进展的一个有用的预测值[43]。
减重手术显著降低动脉内膜中层厚度,减缓AS 的进程,并抑制粥样斑块发生钙化[44-46]。内脏脂肪可以产生与AS 发生密切相关的细胞因子和脂肪因子[47],Lear 等[48]指出内脏脂肪与动脉内膜中层厚度和粥样斑块明显相关。减重手术可有效减少内脏脂肪,降低动脉内膜中层厚度[49]。目前,也有学者认为,核转录因子(nuclear transcription factor kappa B,NF-kB)和c-Jun 氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)炎症通路是AS 发生发展的重要炎症反应媒介,减重手术可能通过抑制动脉内膜巨噬细胞和平滑肌细胞中的NF-kB 和JNK 炎症通路缓解AS[50]。Chen 等[51]通过非肥胖大鼠模型试验验证了十二指肠空肠吻合术抑制NF-kB-JNK 交叉反应炎症通路后,可以缓解AS。
减重手术对AS 影响的研究多是临床研究手术与AS 生物标志物指标的相关性,尚缺乏对其机制的研究,动物模型研究也很局限。很多矛盾结果的存在,让我们不得不思考,在临床研究中性别、年龄等混杂因素可能影响实验结果,所以要想为治疗AS 开辟新的思路,减重手术的动物实验基础研究必不可少,其可为AS 的病理生理提供新的认识,从而达到用非侵入性的治疗方法缓解AS 的目的。
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