李佳+张巍+郝明+梁向党+张立海+唐佩福
[摘要] 目的 探讨经皮空心螺钉与保守治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折的临床效果。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月~2010年12月解放军总医院收治52例第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折患者,其中34例采取经皮空心螺钉手术治疗(空心螺钉组),18例患者采取保守治疗(保守治疗组),比较分析两组患者愈合时间、愈合及预后情况(功能评分及疼痛评分)。 结果 52例患者获得随访,随访时间为12~36个月,平均18个月;经皮空心螺钉组骨折愈合时间为(10.2±2.3)周,美国足踝协会(AOFAS)中前足功能评分为(92.3±4.2)分,VAS疼痛评分为(0.9±0.4)分;保守治疗组骨折愈合时间为(12.2±1.2)周,AOFAS中前足功能评分为(89.0±3.2)分,视角模拟评分法(VAS)疼痛评分为(1.2±0.4)分;经皮空心螺钉组在骨折愈合时间(P=0.012)及AOFAS评分(P=0.005)方面优于保守治疗组,两组之间差异有统计学意义。 结论 经皮空心螺钉治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折愈合时间短,骨折愈合佳,功能恢复良好,但部分患者存在腓肠神经刺激症状。
[关键词] 第五跖骨;撕脱骨折;手术治疗;保守治疗
[中图分类号] R683.420.5[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)05(c)-0007-03
Comparing efficacy of percutaneous screw fixation and conservative treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures
LI Jia ZHANG Wei HAO Ming LIANG Xiangdang ZHANG Lihai TANG Peifu▲
Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effect of percutaneous screw fixation and conservative treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures. Methods From January 2007 to December 2010, 52 cases with the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures were selected. 34 patients were treated with percutaneous screw fixation (percutaneous screw fixation group), 18 patients were treated with conservative treatment (conservative treatment group). The bone healing time and outcomes (function scores and pain score) between the two groups were compared. Results All the 52 patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months, with an mean duration of 18 months. In the percutaneous screw fixation group, the fracture healing time was (10.2±2.3) weeks, the average score of the forefoot and midfoot scale (AOFAS) was (92.3±4.2) points, the average score of VAS was (0.9±0.4) points. In the conservative treatment group, the fracture healing time was (12.2±1.2) weeks, the average score of AOFAS was (89.0±3.2) points, the average score of VAS was (1.2±0.4) points. The fracture healing time (P=0.012) and the average scores of AOFAS (P=0.005) in the percutaneous screw fixation group were better than the conservative treatment group, with statistically significant differences. Conclusion Percutaneous screw fixation treatment for the fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures has less fracture healing time, better effects and functional recovery, but some patients have sural nerve irritation.
[Key words] The fifth metatarsal base; Avulsion fracture; Surgical treatment; Conservative treatment
第五跖骨骨折发生率很高,约占所有跖骨的68%[1],其中,第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折是急诊最为常见的足部骨折之一[2-3],踝关节内翻暴力是其主要受伤机制,也可伴发于踝关节外侧副韧带损伤及外踝尖部撕脱骨折[4-7]。对于第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折治疗的手段也多种多样,例如克氏针张力带、保守治疗、接骨板等,各有优劣。本研究选取解放军总医院(以下简称“我院”)治疗的第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折患者52例,探讨经皮空心螺钉治疗的临床效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析2007年1月~2010年12月我院收治的52例第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折患者,其中34例采用经皮空心螺钉内固定术,作为空心螺钉组;18例采取保守治疗,作为保守治疗组。男32例,女20例;左侧骨折28例,右侧24例;均为不慎扭伤所致的闭合性骨折;按照第五跖骨基底部骨折分型,均为Lawrence Ⅰ区骨折;受伤至入院时间为1~4 d,平均2.3 d。两组一般情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。所有患者均经X线片检查确诊,分型则按照Lawrence分型[8]进行。纳入标准:按照Lawrence分型为Ⅰ区骨折且明显移位超过2 mm或累及第五跖骨、骰骨关节面超过30%。排除标准:①Lawrence分型为Ⅱ区或Ⅲ区骨折;②骨折无明显移位;③骨折足部的血液供应情况差或皮肤切口处的软组织条件差。
表1 两组患者一般资料比较
1.2 手术方法
空心螺钉组患者采取硬膜外麻醉,患者采取仰卧位,麻醉起效后,在大腿根部上止血带,消毒,铺巾。在C臂机透视下闭合复位,复位钳临时固定,经透视确认位置良好后,在透视引导下经皮用1枚空心钉导针从第五跖骨近段粗隆尖部通过骨折线穿入,斜向内上穿透对侧骨皮质。在导针进钉点皮肤开一个约l cm刀口,用钝性撑开软组织,采用空心电钻扩开皮质,然后沿导针拧入4.0 mm空心螺钉进行固定,若患者骨质疏松,可在螺钉尾部加一垫片,所有患者均采用可吸收缝线缝合皮肤。
保守治疗组患者采用手法复位,经X线证实位置良好后,给予石膏固定。
1.3 术后处理
空心螺钉组术后无需固定,3 d后可穿前足免负重鞋下地负重行走,无需拆线,术后6~8周复查X线片,骨折愈合情况良好后完全下地负重;保守治疗组石膏固定6~8周,定期复查X线片,根据骨折愈合情况确定下地负重时间。
1.4 功能评估
采用X线片检查、美国足踝协会(AOFAS)中前足功能评分[9]、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)(0~10分,0分为无痛,10分最痛)对患者术后或保守治疗半年后的效果进行评估。主要观察指标:骨折愈合情况、愈合时间及是否存在腓肠神经刺激症状。
1.5 统计学方法
应用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确性检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组愈合时间、AOFAS中前足评分及VAS评分比较
52例患者均获得随访,随访时间为12~36个月,平均18个月。空心螺钉组二次手术取出内固定、时间为8~14个月;空心螺钉组在骨折愈合时间及功能评分方面优于保守治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012、0.005),术后VAS评分两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.128)。见表2。
表2 两组愈合时间、AOFAS中前足评分及VAS评分比较(x±s)
2.2 两组患者相关并发症比较
空心螺钉组存在腓肠神经刺激8例,保守治疗组无一例患者出现此症状(P=0.012);空心螺钉组无一例出现延迟愈合及畸形愈合,保守治疗组中有6例出现延迟愈合(P=0.057),5例出现畸形愈合(P=0.025)。见表3。
表3 两组相关并发症比较(例)
3 讨论
根据Lawrence分型,第五跖骨近端分成三个区域:Ⅰ区骨折是跖骨粗隆部撕脱骨折;Ⅱ区骨折是干骺端与骨干连接部骨折,又称Jones骨折,因血运原因容易发生不愈合;Ⅲ区骨折是跖骨干部的疲劳骨折,多见于运动员;其中,Ⅰ区骨折发病率最高[10]。Ⅰ区是第五跖骨的结节区,在第五跖骨的结节向近侧和外侧延伸,腓骨短肌止于第五跖骨基底部的背外侧。以往认为,第五跖骨撕脱性骨折是由于腓骨短肌的收缩引起的,但是最近的研究表示,跖筋膜的外侧束、小趾收肌、跖方展肌和小趾短屈肌也在其中起到了作用[10-11]。
第五跖骨粗隆部撕脱骨折移位的概率小,通过保守治疗即可痊愈。保守治疗有多种方式,有文献报道各种保守治疗之间无明显差异[12]。本研究患者骨折明显移位超过2 mm或累及第五跖骨、骰骨关节面超过30%,有明确手术治疗指征[12-14],但部分患者由于某些原因而采取了保守治疗。文献报道保守治疗延迟愈合率较高,本研究延迟愈合率为33.3%,影响了患者恢复正常生活的时间。本组中32例行经皮空心螺钉固定取得了良好效果,其手术创伤小,未破坏骨折端的血运;术中导针是从尖端打入而穿出对侧皮质,这样生物力学强度最佳,固定效果可靠,能有效防止术后骨折再移位的发生。同时,在骨折端维持一定的加压作用,使骨折端紧密接触,给骨折愈合提供了良好的条件。另外,牢固固定后允许早期功能锻炼,从而有利于肢体功能的恢复[5]。但手术操作要在透视监视下进行,术后由于尾帽存在刺激腓肠神经的可能,需要二期取出内固定。
关于空心螺钉的使用,国际上是公认的,但是对于其直径的大小,尚存在有争议。不过可以肯定的是,直径越大的螺钉,其稳定性越好[15-18]。我国人口的跖骨普遍较国外人细小,本文采用的是直径为4.0 mm的空心螺钉,效果良好。
综上所述,经皮空心螺钉治疗第五跖骨基底部撕脱骨折,骨折愈合时间短、愈合效果佳,功能恢复良好,且手术创伤小,但部分患者存在腓肠神经刺激症状。
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[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.
[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.
[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.
[15]Wright R,Fischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.
[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.
[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.
[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,Fink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.
(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)课题(编号2012AA041604)。
▲通讯作者
[11]Richli W,Rosenthal D. Avulsion fracture of the fifth metat arsal:experimental study of pathomechanics [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143:889-891.
[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.
[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.
[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.
[15]Wright R,Fischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.
[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.
[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.
[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,Fink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.
(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)课题(编号2012AA041604)。
▲通讯作者
[11]Richli W,Rosenthal D. Avulsion fracture of the fifth metat arsal:experimental study of pathomechanics [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1984,143:889-891.
[12]Shahid MK,Punwar S,Boulind C,et al. Aircast walking boot and below-knee walking cast for avulsion fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal:a comparative cohort study [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2013,34(1):75-79.
[13]Lee SK,Park JS,Choy WS. LCP distal ulna hook plate as alternative fixation for fifth metatarsal base fracture [J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2013,23(6):705-713.
[14]Polzer H,Polzer S,Mutschler W,et al. Acute fractures to the proximal fifth metatarsal bone:development of classification and treatment recommendations based on the current evidence [J]. Injury,2012,43(10):1626-1632.
[15]Wright R,Fischer D,Shively R,et al. Refracture of proximal fifth metatarsal(Jones) fracture after intramedullary screw fixation in athletes [J]. Am J Sports Med,2000,28(5):732-736.
[16]Nunley J,Glisson R. A new option for intramedullary fixation of Jones fractures:the charlotte Carolina Jones fracture system [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2008,29:1216-1221.
[17]Horst F,Gilbert B,Glisson R,et al. Torque resistance after fixation of Jones fractures with intramedullary screws [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2004,25(12):914-919.
[18]Kelly I,Glisson R,Fink C,et al. Intramedullary screw fixation of Jones fractures [J]. Foot Ankle Int,2001,22(7):585-589.
(收稿日期:2014-01-20本文编辑:程铭)
[基金项目] 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)课题(编号2012AA041604)。
▲通讯作者