许书凤
摘要:《英语课程标准》积极倡导任务型教学途径,让学生在教师的指导下,通过感知、体验、实践、参与和合作等方式进行自主学习,并且主动地运用所学语言去做事情,在做事情的过程中自然地运用所学语言,在使用所学语言做事情的过程中发展语言的能力。在阅读课上通过让学生阅读,把获取的信息运用到再阅读中,可以培养学生的综合语言运用能力。
关键词:阅读资源;阅读技巧;阅读运用
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2014)07-0099
一、开发阅读资源
报刊作为一种时事英语,迎合现代生活节奏,突出阅读话题,可以在学习和生活之间搭起一座桥梁。《英语课程标准》明确指出:“英语课程要求合理利用和积极开发课程资源,给学生提供贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近时代的内容健康和丰富的课程资源;要积极利用音像、电视、书刊杂志、网络信息等丰富的教学资源,拓展学习和运用英语的渠道。”目前,我国自行出版、可供中学生使用的英语报刊越来越多,与教材相比,英语报刊具有更加方便、灵活且实用的优势,主要表现为:
1. 报纸语言鲜活、真实地道、图文并茂,贴近现实生活,有助于提高学生运用语言的能力。2. 报纸内容通俗新颖、关注时事热点、紧跟时代步伐,有效地避免教材与现实生活脱节的一些现象,有利于激发学生的学习兴趣。3. 报纸题材广泛、信息多样,涉及政治、经济、科技、文化和思维等各方面的内容,无疑有助于扩大学生的知识面、增加其词汇量、丰富其语言知识,而且有助于培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神。4. 此类报纸与初中教材基本保持同步,有利于补充和扩展教材内容,加深学生对教材内容的理解和掌握。
二、细化阅读技巧
学生在阅读时最大的障碍就是生词、难句和部分细节方面的理解。所以,教师在平时的阅读训练方面,应设计一些此类题目给予学生必要的阅读技巧方面的指导。
例如:1. 猜词方面:
(1)同义:When the officer surrendered, the others gave up too.
(2)对照:Chinese President Hu Jintao recently called on the whole nation to adopt “Eight Honors, Eight Disgraces”.
(3)构词法:Serve; dont disserve the people.
(4)生活常识:On some bags for food we often see“Shelf life: 6 months” .
2. 细节阅读方面:
(1)The rain lasted until three in the afternoon. Suddenly, it stopped and people could see the stars in the sky. They thought it would be fine the next day. But nobody knew the flood was coming...
Q: The flood came that.
A. morningB. afternoonC. eveningD. night.
指导学生根据关键词“the stars”, “nobody knew” 而知 “The flood came that night.”。
(2)...He looked around, there was nobody there. He took the bag out of the car, put it on the bike behind the house and hurried off. He didnt find a car following him until he went in a narrow street.
Q: The man left . A. by carB. by bikeC. on footD. by bus
根据细节“out of the car”, “on the bike”, “ a narrow street” 可推断 “The man left by bike.”。
三、强化阅读实践
1. 限时阅读
教师可选择一些简单有趣的故事、记叙文题材的文章让学生根据“where, who, what, when, why”等问题来快速阅读,之后让其复述大意。目的是为了使学生养成快速阅读文章和迅速组织语言的能力,从而培养学生的口语运用能力。
教师可根据学生的实际情况,帮助学生运用图表形式或根据关键词进行复述,以降低难度。如:新目标八年级上Unit 9 Section B 3a 部分,教师可以设计如下图表关键词,帮助学生复述:
教师不必计较一些细碎的语法方面的失误,只要学生敢于动口,能说出大意就够了。这种阅读训练方式,不但培养了学生的快速阅读习惯,同时,也逐渐消除了学生怯于张口的不良习惯,从而提高了学生的口语能力。
2. 实践阅读
《英语课程标准》大力倡导学生运用所学语言去做事情,在做事情的过程中自然地运用所学语言,在使用所学语言做事情的过程中发展语言的能力。通过阅读,让学生将阅读中所获得的信息运用到做事情中去,是对学生阅读能力的最终要求。下面是一堂九年级英语阅读课实例,该教师让学生通过阅读一篇有关“购物”常识的短文,要求学生现场模拟购物比赛。原文摘录如下:
We all know, as sellers, they always want to sell things as expensively as they can. How can sellers do so? First, they say such words very politely to the buyers: “Can I help you?” or “what can I do for you?”. Then they will try their best to introduce their things by saying very beautiful words such as “Good and cheap! It looks really nice! ...Please take it/them...” When the buyers just show that they are interested in the things. Perhaps the sellers will raise prices.
As buyers, you should be very careful while you are shopping. You should not only pay great attention to the quality of the goods, but also to their prices. Famous brands are in good quality but always too expensive. So its not good for students to pursue famous brands. Remember to give a low price when you really want to buy something. You can say “oh, thats too expensive! Can you give me a discount? Can it /they be cheaper? ... How about...Yuan?”. When you buy some clothes or shoes, dont forget to try them on.
If you find the things youve bought are in bad quality, you have the right to ask the sellers to change them. If the sellers refuse to do that, you can dial 96315 or 12315 for help.
步骤1:快速阅读材料。
步骤2:根据教师所设情景模拟购物(评价依据:买卖双方在购物时是否得体地使用了文中给出的语言;是否注意文中提到的有关的购物常识等。)
步骤3:评价反馈。
情景1:买卖双方经过激烈的讨价还价后(语言基本得体),买方终于买了一双鞋子,但却忘记了文中提及的有关购物常识 “When you buy some clothes or shoes, dont forget to try them on.”。
反馈:注意阅读细节及生活常识。
情景2:买药者只顾贪图便宜而买了一瓶没有任何商标的感冒药,经提醒后买者自认倒霉而另寻他人。反馈:卖方在没有医生处方时不能出售非处方类药品(生活常识);买方发现受骗后没有做到“dial 96315 or 12315 for help”来维护自己的利益。(阅读细节及生活常识)
此类练习的最大优点在于:学生能够将阅读获得的信息和生活常识紧密地结合在一起,并积极地运用到实践中,又通过实践和教师的反馈来检查阅读时的不足,从而实现在学中做、做中学。