命制初中英语阅读理解题时应注意的问题

王宗平

【摘要】本文通过具有代表性的阅读理解命题实例，指出阅读理解试题命制过程中常出现的几个问题，阐述了如何编制科学有效的阅读理解试题。文章强调了试题选项的编制要有干扰意义、考查信息要多元化、要切实考查学生从所给材料中获取和处理信息的能力、要注意题干表述的多样性。

【关键词】选材 设题 阅读理解 效度 信度

【中图分类号】G633.4 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2014）02-0126-02

教师几乎每天都要面临试题的选择与命制问题。课堂例题、教学过程中的提问、课堂巩固练习、课后作业和单元检测等始终贯穿整个教学过程。

对学生进行阅读能力的考查是各级英语考试的重要内容。那么，编制科学有效的阅读理解试题的过程中，应该注意哪些问题呢？

一、选项的设置要有意义，要有一定的干扰作用，保证试题的效度。

试看《仁爱英语》七年级上册的一份试题：

Hello： My name is Helen. Im 14 years old. I am from England. （此处略去72个词）

5. ____ is 14 years old.

A. Helen B. Helens sister C. Helens mother

一看便知本题的C选项是无效选项，没有干扰意义。Helen的妈妈怎么可能是14岁？

二、要切实考查考生阅读理解的能力，保证试题的信度。

试看《仁爱英语》七年级上册的一份试题：

This is Jim. He is thirteen. He is from the U.S.A.（此处略去67个词）

41. Jim and Jack are ____.

A. sisters B. friend C. from different countries

根据文章内容，我们可知Jim 和 Jack是好友，来自不同的国家。因此從语义上看，B和C都是正确的，但是B不符合语法规则，所以本题的答案只能是C。阅读理解题考查的是学生读懂文章，并从文中获取信息的能力，溶入语法规则的考查会降低考试的信度。

三、所考查信息要多元化，要从不同层次和方面考核学生的阅读理解能力，要切实考查学生对书面语言的理解能力，特别是从所给的材料中获取和处理信息的能力。

试看2008年福建省宁德市中考试卷，阅读理解B篇：

Take a look at our library！Our library is open to everyone and the library card is free.（此处略去124个词）

61. The books in the library were published（出版） in ____ languages.

A. 26 B. 0. 36 C. 42 D. 50

62. What can you enjoy in the reading room？

A. Magazines B. Language cassettes C. Video films D. CDs

63. How much should you pay if you keep three videos for a week？ ____.

A. 1 yuan. B. 2 yuan. C. 3 yuan. D. Nothing.

64. How long can you keep one cassette at a time？ ____.

A. One day B. One week C. Two weeks D.Three weeks 65. Which of the following is true according to the form？ ____.

A. The library card will cost you one yuan.

B. You can borrow as many CDs as you like at a time.

C. You can keep five books at a time for three weeks.

D. There aren't any rooms for you to enjoy music videos in the library.

本题考查信息单一，未考虑考查信息的多元化，61、63、64都考查了数字信息，62题是无效题。

四、要注意题干表述的多样性。

试看2010年湖北省武汉市中考卷，阅读理解B篇：

Relax and unwind in our new state of the Loch Ness Eatery. Whether you are looking for a snack or a full meal we can provide almost anything to suit everyone. （此处略去57个词）

61. The above reading is most probably _____.

A. an advertisement B. a food report

C. a shopping list D. a menu

62. Its clear that the Eatery _____.

A. can hold 150 people at most

B. only provides Chinese food

C. was set up in the year of 1980

D. doesnt offer many choices

63. At the loch Ness Eatery， visitors can _____.

A. book comfortable room B. have a picnic

C. cook for themselves D. get a good relaxation

64. The reading also tells us _____.

A. the prices of food and drinks

B. the address of the Eatery

C. the name of the manager

D. the way of getting in touch with the Eatery

65. The Eatery provides almost everything to ____.

A. to serve people for a long time

B. meet the needs of different visitors

C. let people take away

D. help people learn about people

這道题在题干表述上过于单调。我们在设题时应考虑题干表述的多样性，可采用不同句式，设成特殊疑问句时，还可考虑用不同的疑问词。

总之，命题能力是一名优秀任课教师应当具备的基本能力。提高教师的命题能力对构建高效课堂具有十分重要的意义：首先，提高命题能力是提高教学有效性的重要因素；其次，提高命题能力是减轻学生课业负担的重要途径；再次，提高命题能力是促进教师专业成长的重要抓手。

参考文献：

[1]禹明，《新课程命题技术与试题研究：初中英语》，吉林东北师范大学出版社，2005.04

[2]初级中学2013教师资格考试应试专用教材《英语学科知识与教学能力》第1版，光明日报出版社，2012. 12

[3]刘决生，《中考英语命题思路》第1版，上海远东出版社，2007.08