盖云鹏, 潘汝谦, 关铭芳, 徐大高
(1.山西侯马出入境检验检疫局,侯马 043000;2.华南农业大学资源环境学院植物病理学系,广州 510642)
基础知识
一种值得关注的大豆病害
——大豆红冠腐病
盖云鹏1,2*, 潘汝谦2, 关铭芳2, 徐大高2
(1.山西侯马出入境检验检疫局,侯马 043000;2.华南农业大学资源环境学院植物病理学系,广州 510642)
大豆红冠腐病是一种为害大豆生产的重要病害,该病害的典型症状是大豆叶片变黄萎蔫,植株枯萎,根系变黑腐烂,茎基部及根系表面产生大量红橙色小点,是病原菌的子囊壳。其致病菌为寄生柱枝孢菌(Cylindrocladiumparasiticum),有性阶段为冬青丽赤壳菌(Calonectriailicicola)。本文对大豆红冠腐病及其致病菌的文献进行了简要的综述。
大豆红冠腐病; 寄生柱枝孢菌; 研究进展
大豆红冠腐病(red crown rot of soybean)是一种危害大豆(GlycinemaxLinn.)的重要病害,在环境有利于病害发生条件下可导致大豆减产。1968年在日本千叶县首次报道了大豆红冠腐病[1]。至2001年,包括北海道在内,大豆红冠腐病在全日本各地区广泛发生,且危害严重,成为日本大豆的重要病害之一[2-3]。当时该病害被定名为大豆黑根腐病(black root rot of soybean),病原菌被描述为猪屎豆柱枝孢菌[Cylindrocladiumcrotalariae(Loos) Bell & Sobers],有性阶段为猪屎豆丽赤壳菌[Calonectriacrotalariae(Loos) Bell & Sobers][4]。1993年,Crous等将猪屎豆柱枝孢菌更名为寄生柱枝孢菌(C.parasiticumCrous, Wingfield & Alfenas),隶属于半知菌门、丝孢纲、丝孢目、丝孢科、柱枝孢属;Crous等将猪屎豆柱枝孢菌有性态更改为冬青丽赤壳菌(C.ilicicolaBoedijn & Reitsma),隶属于子囊菌门、粪壳菌纲、肉座菌目、丛赤壳科、丽赤壳属[5]。
目前,大豆红冠腐病主要分布于美国、日本、中国、韩国[6]、喀麦隆[7]等多个国家和地区。在美国,大豆红冠腐病主要分布在路易斯安那州和密西西比州,为该地区重要的大豆病害[8-9]。在我国江苏省、云南省和广东省的一些地区已报道大豆红冠腐病的发生[10-12]。在广东省,大豆红冠腐病主要分布在博罗县和梅州市等地。夏大豆结荚期最感病,且发病较普遍和严重,使大豆产量和品质降低[13]。
大豆红冠腐病通常发生在大豆结荚期之后,在田间形成明显的发病中心[6]。发病初期,罹病植株叶片叶脉间变黄,随即萎蔫、落叶,植株枯萎。病株根系及近地面的茎基部变红褐色,沿茎干向上扩展,近地面茎皮层腐烂,严重的甚至木质部组织也变褐色腐烂;拔起植株,可见根系变黑腐烂;植株茎基部的病部表面有大量红橙色球状子囊壳聚生。茎基部变红褐色和红橙色子囊壳为该病害诊断的典型特征;发病后期,整个植株根系腐烂,最终植株死亡[10-12]。
大豆红冠腐病菌在PDA培养基上生长迅速,菌落白色至浅灰色或红褐色,绒毛状。分生孢子梗直立,细长,呈扫帚状,简单分支,具有初生孢子梗和次生孢子梗,顶端为产孢细胞,瓶状,分生孢子从产孢细胞内生出。分生孢子圆柱形,无色,(54.1~76.3)μm×(4.9~7.4)μm,1~3个分隔。菌丝末端膨大,产生球形泡囊,直径为(4.0~13.0)μm。厚垣孢子褐色,成串聚集,形成深褐色微菌核(microsclerotia),(33.3~311.1)μm×(22.2~133.3)μm。病原菌为同宗配合,子囊壳红色至橙红色、椭圆形至倒卵形,表面粗糙,有孔口,单生, (212.1~454.5)μm×(111.1~333.3)μm。轻压子囊壳后可见大量子囊喷出,子囊具长柄,棍棒形,(121.0~200.8)μm×(11.5~25.6)μm,子囊内有8个镰刀形的具1~3个隔膜的子囊孢子,子囊孢子线形,大小为(29.5~73.8)μm×(4.9~9.8)μm[10-12]。菌丝的最适生长温度为26~28 ℃,最低为8 ℃,高于35 ℃时菌丝不生长。微菌核形成的最适温度为24~28 ℃,低于12 ℃和高于32 ℃均不形成微菌核[14]。分生孢子产生的最适温度为28 ℃。28~30 ℃的较高温度容易产生子囊壳。适合菌丝生长的固体培养基有马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基、酵母蛋白胨培养基、合成真菌培养基、V8汁培养基、燕麦琼脂培养基[15]。
大豆红冠腐病菌的寄主十分广泛,可侵染经济作物、观赏植物、林木及杂草在内的20多种植物。除了侵染大豆引起大豆红冠腐病外,也可侵染花生(ArachishypogaeaL.)引起花生黑腐病(Cylindrocladiumblack rot of peanut)。1965年Bell等在美国佐治亚州首次发现花生黑腐病,随后,该病相继在佐治亚州[16-17]、北卡罗来纳州[18]、南卡罗来纳州、佛罗里达州和德克萨斯州[19]发生,是美国境内危害花生的一种重要病害[20]。该病原菌还可侵染高灌蓝莓(VacciniumcorymbosumL.)引起蓝莓茎腐和根腐病(stem and root rot of blueberry)[21];侵染番木瓜(CaricapapayaL.)引起番木瓜茎腐病(collar rot of papaya)[22];侵染夏威夷寇阿相思木(AcaciakoaGray)引起根茎腐病(collar root rot of koa)[23];侵染北美枫香(LiquidambarstyracifluaL.)引起苗期根腐病(Cylindrocladiumroot rot of sweetgum seedling)[24];侵染红叶火筒树(LeeacoccineaPlanch)引起茎腐和叶斑病(collar rot and leaf spot of leea)[25];侵染夹竹桃(NeriumoleanderL.)引起夹竹桃基腐病(basal stem rot of oleander)[26];侵染中华猕猴桃(ActinidiachinensisPlanch)引起猕猴桃根腐病(Cylindrocladiumroot rot of kiwifruit)[27];侵染南美山蚂蝗[Desmodiumtortuosum(Sw.) DC]引起南美山蚂蝗黑腐病(Cylindrocladiumblack rot of beggarweed)[28];侵染决明(SennaobtusifoliaL.)和鹧鸪豆(CassiafasciculateMichx)引起黑腐病(Cylindrocladiumblack rot)[29];侵染西印度樱桃(MalpighiaglabraL.)引起叶斑病(leaf spots of antilles cherry)[30];侵染富贵椰子(HoweabelmoreanaBecc.)引起褐斑病(Cylindrocladiumbrown leaf spot)[31];侵染红掌(AnthuriumandraeanumLinden)引起红掌根冠腐病(root and crown rot of anthurium)[32];侵染月桂树(LaurusnobilisLinn.)引起苗期的根冠腐病(crown and root rot)[33];侵染鳄梨(PerseaamericanaMill.)引起黑根腐病(black root rot)[34]。
大豆红冠腐病菌的传播扩散靠子囊孢子、分生孢子和微菌核[35]。田间排水和雨水与病原菌传播有密切关系,雨水冲刷和田间排水可以把子囊孢子、分生孢子和微菌核冲到以前未被侵染的土壤[1]。子囊壳产生与否和环境湿度有很大关系,高湿度有利于子囊壳的形成。子囊孢子和分生孢子对干燥的环境较敏感,子囊孢子暴露在33 ℃空气中30 min后,存活率小于0.1%,田间也很少观察到分生孢子[35]。当携带有子囊孢子、分生孢子和微菌核的植物组织在土壤中存留8个月后,只有微菌核仍然存活,因此,子囊孢子和分生孢子在病害循环中只能短距离传播[36]。病原菌主要以微菌核在土壤和植物病残体上越冬和长距离传播。温度20~30 ℃最适合病害发生。温度在20 ℃以下或30 ℃以上时,病害发病程度会下降,当温度达到40 ℃时,基本上不发病[37]。因为当土壤温度高于35 ℃时,病原菌所有营养体和各种孢子都无法存活。适当推迟大豆种植的时间,大豆红冠腐病的发病率可显著下降[38]。当土壤温度持续4~5周低于5 ℃或土壤水分结冰时,微菌核数量会减小[39]。大豆和花生轮作会增加田间微菌核的数量,加重病害的流行和发生[40]。
大豆红冠腐病菌的形态鉴定主要采用康乃馨叶片琼脂(carnation leaf agar, CLA)。25 ℃光暗交替培养7 d后观察菌落培养形态和显微特征,包括分生孢子形状和隔膜数、子囊壳形态、子囊孢子和泡囊大小。病原菌泡囊的形状和大小及分子孢子形态是病原菌鉴定最主要的依据[5]。分子生物学鉴定主要针对β-tubulin基因、His3基因、EF-1α基因、Cal基因进行鉴定[41]。
使用选择性培养基可以从土壤中分离大豆红冠腐病菌,例如在酵母粉葡萄糖琼脂培养基中加入抗生素如噻菌灵、氯霉素和金霉素等[42];在蔗糖蛋白胨琼脂培养基中加入链霉素、氯霉素、牛胆汁、五氯硝基苯和噻苯咪唑等,可以从土壤中定量分离病原菌[43]。在普通的葡萄糖蛋白胨培养基中添加乳酸,将pH调至4,制成酸性培养基,也能从土壤中分离病原菌[44]。Ochi等将山梨糖、酵母膏、氟酰胺、噻菌灵、金霉素盐酸盐、氯霉素、表面活性剂、琼脂和蒸馏水混合灭菌制成选择性培养基,将土壤样品过筛,用次氯酸钠溶液表面消毒后接种到选择性培养基上,该方法成功地分离到该病原菌。与其他方法相比,这种方法能提高病原菌的分离率,降低污染[45]。
大豆红冠腐病的防治措施主要包括农业防治和化学防治。大豆不能与花生轮作,否则会增加田间微菌核数量和加重病害的发生[40]。在大豆红冠腐病发生的地区,大豆种植时间应参考当地的土壤温度[8]。如果适当推迟播种时间,土壤温度将随之升高,这样可以减轻大豆红冠腐病的发生[38]。在大豆播种前,使用草甘膦除草,可以减轻和控制大豆红冠腐病[46]。在大豆播种前两个星期,使用威百亩、异硫氰酸甲酯、叠氮化钠和氯化苦等杀菌兼杀线虫剂进行土壤熏蒸,可以减少土壤微菌核数量,降低病害的发生[47]。
我国是世界大豆的主产区,气候条件适合大豆红冠腐病的发生,对该病原菌的风险性评估分析结果表明:该菌是高度危险的入侵性植物病原菌,山东、河南和河北等我国广大的大豆和花生种植区都是该菌的适生分布区,该菌的入侵将对我国大豆和花生产业的可持续发展和生态安全构成严重威胁[48]。为此,广东省农业厅已将该病原菌增列为《广东省农业植物检疫性有害生物补充名单》。
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Anotablesoybeandisease,redcrownrotofsoybean
Gai Yunpeng1,2, Pan Ruqian2, Guan Mingfang2, Xu Dagao2
(1.HoumaEntry-ExitInspectionandQuarantineBureau,Shanxi043000,China; 2.DepartmentofPlantPathology,CollegeofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,SouthChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Guangzhou510642,China)
Red crown rot (RCR) is an important disease in soybean. Typical symptoms of RCR are as follows: chlorotic, yellowish and blighted leaves, and wilting of the plants. Taproots were blackened and rotted. Numerous of reddish-orange spherical perithecia appeared on basal stems and roots of soybean. The causal pathogen of RCR isCylindrocladiumparasiticum(anamorph) andCalonectriailicicola(teleomorph). The research progress of RCR was also summarized.
red crown rot of soybean;Cylindrocladiumparasiticum; research progress
2013-08-27
:2013-09-18
广东省科技计划项目(2009B020310014)
S 435.65
:BDOI:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2014.04.024
* 通信作者 E-mail: gaiyunpeng@gmail.com