罗宴冉 史晓飞 韩磊 张贝 文路遥
基金项目:河南省医学科技攻关计划省部共建重点项目(SBGJ202002098)
作者单位:1河南科技大学临床医学院(邮编471003);2河南科技大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科
作者简介:罗宴冉(1996),男,硕士在读,主要从事风湿免疫疾病相关研究。E-mail:1553025645@qq.com
△通信作者 E-mail:xiaofeis@haust.edu.cn
摘要:肌炎抗体分为肌炎特异性自身抗体(MSA)和肌炎相关性自身抗体(MAA)。不同肌炎抗体在间质性肺病(ILD)中的作用机制、临床特点及预后等方面存在异质性。在MSA中,抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5(MDA5)抗体和抗氨酰tRNA合成酶(ARS)抗体与ILD的发生高度相关。抗MDA5抗体阳性皮肌炎(DM)患者ILD的发生率高,进展迅速,预后较差。抗ARS抗体阳性DM患者ILD的病程缓慢,对治疗反应较好,但易复发。在MAA中,抗Ro52抗体通常与MSA抗体共存,临床表现与共存抗体关系密切。就肌炎自身抗体在ILD中的研究进展进行综述。
关键词:皮肌炎;间质性肺病;自身抗体;临床特点;预后
中图分类号:R593.26文献标志码:ADOI:10.11958/20231512
Research progress of dermatomyositis-related autoantibodies in interstitial lung disease
LUO Yanran1, 2, SHI Xiaofei2△, HAN Lei2, ZHANG Bei2, WEN Luyao1, 2
1 School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; 2 Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology
△Corresponding Author E-mail: xiaofeis@haust.edu.cn
Abstract: Myositis antibodies are divided into myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) and myositis-associated autoantibodies (MAA). There are heterogeneity in the mechanism, clinical features and prognosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in the different myositis antibodies. In MSA, anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5 (MDA5) antibody and anti-aminoacyl synthetase (ARS) antibody are highly correlated with the occurrence of ILD. Patients with MDA5+DM-ILD usually have a rapidly progressive and poor prognosis. The progress of ILD in ARS+ DM patients was slow, and the response to treatment is good, but it is easy to relapse. In MAA, anti-Ro52 antibodies often coexist with MSA antibodies, and clinical manifestation is closely related to coexisting antibodies. This review has summarized roles of myositis antibodies in ILD.
Key words: dermatomyositis; interstitial lung disease; antoantibody; clinical features; prognosis
皮肌炎(dermatomyositis,DM)是一类主要累及横纹肌的弥漫性炎症性肌病[1]。DM自身抗体分为肌炎特异性自身抗体(myositis-specific antibodies,MSA)和肌炎相关性自身抗体(myositis-associated antibodies,MAA),其中MSA主要有抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5(anti-melanoma differentiation-related gene 5,MDA5)抗体、抗氨酰tRNA合成酶(anti-aminoacyl synthetase,ARS)抗体、抗小泛素样修饰物激活酶(small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme,SAE)抗体、抗转录中介因子1γ(transcriptional intermediary factorl,TIF1-γ)抗体、抗核基质蛋白2(anti-nuclear matrix protein 2,NXP2)抗体和抗Mi-2抗体;MAA主要有抗Ro52抗体、抗Ku抗体、抗SSA/Ro60抗体、抗多发性肌炎/硬皮病复合物(PM/Scl)抗体和抗U1核糖核蛋白(anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein antibodies,U1RNP)抗体。不同自身抗体的DM患者临床表现不同,DM患者多合并间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)。不同肌炎抗体患者ILD特点不同,如抗MDA5抗体阳性患者出现快速进展型肺间质性疾病(rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease,RP-ILD)风险较高,而抗ARS抗体阳性和抗Ro52抗体阳性患者易发生慢性间质性肺病[2]。了解不同抗体对ILD的影响对疾病的诊疗至关重要。现就不同肌炎抗体在ILD中的作用机制、临床特点及预后展开阐述。
1 不同DM自身抗体在ILD中的作用机制
1.1 MSA在ILD中的作用机制 在MSA中,抗MDA5抗体和抗ARS抗体与DM合并间质性肺病(DM-ILD)的发生高度相关。抗MDA5抗体是维A酸诱导基因Ⅰ样受体(retinoic acid-induced gene Ⅰ like receptor,RLR)家族的一员,Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN-Ⅰ)通路的异常激活在抗MDA5抗体阳性DM(MDA5+DM)发病中发挥重要作用[3]。MDA5+DM患者肺泡上皮细胞中可以检出IFN-Ⅰ表达升高,其中浆细胞样树突状细胞和髓样树突状细胞可产生大量干扰素-β(interferon β,IFN-β),进而诱导活性氧介导的线粒体功能障碍,触发活性氧产生,最终导致ILD[4-5]。MDA5+DM患者干扰素-γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ)的表达亦升高,IFN-γ协同白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β诱导肺成纤维细胞中促炎性CX3C趋化因子配体1(CX3CL1)的表达[6]。除干扰素外,MDA5+DM患者血液和支气管肺泡灌洗液中CD4+CXCR4+T细胞的比例增高,这些T细胞可以通过上调IL-21表达促进肺成纤维细胞增殖。Liang等[7]研究发现在MDA5+DM合并RP-ILD患者血清和肺组织中半乳糖凝集素-9(Galectin-9,Gal-9)表达水平升高,且Gal-9可刺激人胚肺成纤维细胞(MRC-5)过表达趋化因子配体(CCL)2,从而导致肺间质纤维化。
抗ARS抗体是MSA中的主要亚型,是一组能够识别胞质氨酰基tRNA合成酶的自身抗体。TRNA合成酶能促进氨基酸与特定tRNA结合,在蛋白质合成中至关重要。抗ARS抗体阳性DM(ARS+DM)患者B细胞活化因子(B-cell activating factor,BAFF)通常表达水平较高,其通过增加效应B细胞和Breg细胞而参与免疫应答[8]。同型半胱氨酸可能通过氧化应激加重肺纤维化[9]。抗SAE抗体、抗TIF1-γ抗体、抗NXP2抗体和抗Mi-2抗体也可通过干扰素途径参与DM-ILD的发生发展,但相关机制的研究尚少见[10]。
1.2 MAA在ILD中的作用机制 在MAA中,抗Ro52抗体与DM-ILD的高发病率显著相关。抗Ro52抗体是Ro/SSA抗体的靶蛋白之一,抗Ro52抗体的功能包括参与泛素化过程、调节细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡及诱导氧化应激[11]。在促炎环境下,抗Ro52抗体易位至细胞核中调节IFN-Ⅰ的产生[12]。抗Ro52抗体作为泛素化相关蛋白TRIM家族成员之一,具有泛素蛋白连接酶E3的作用。E3连接酶中的Smad泛素化调节因子2由转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)诱导,并促进肺上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞转化,增加纤维化相关蛋白(如胶原和纤连蛋白)的表达,进而参与肺纤维化的发生。具有氧化应激功能的抗Ro52抗体也参与上皮细胞的损伤和肺纤维化的发生发展[13]。抗Ro52抗体能够通过与模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRR;如TLR3)和胞质DNA传感器(如DDX41)的相互作用调节先天免疫[14]。同时,刺激核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)的转录途径,诱导多种细胞因子和催化因子[IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IFN-Ⅰ、CXC趋化因子配体10(CXCL10)、CCL2和CCL4]的产生,进而参与ILD的发生发展。抗Ro52抗体作为人体中具有较高抗原性的蛋白质之一,在肺组织中高度表达,反映了其可能在宿主对病毒感染的应答中发挥重要作用,进一步解释抗Ro52抗体与ILD之间的关联[14]。
2 不同DM自身抗体相关ILD的临床特点
2.1 MSA阳性DM患者ILD的临床特点 不同DM自身抗体患者的ILD临床特点各不相同。DM患者抗MDA5抗体阳性率为10%~35%[15],MDA5+DM是一种罕见但独特的特发性炎性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory myopathy,IIM)亚型。在不同人群中,MDA5+DM合并ILD(MDA5+DM-ILD)的发生率不同,以我国和日本人群更多见[16]。我国MDA5+DM-ILD的发生率为90%~95%,其中50%~80%为RP-ILD[17]。MDA5+DM-ILD患者最常见的临床表现为DM特征性皮疹;此外,技工手、皮肤溃疡、关节痛/关节炎、肌无力、自发性纵隔气肿或气胸的发生率亦较高;心脏受累(发生率<4%)、自发性肌内出血(发生率<2%)和恶性肿瘤(发生率<5%)的发生率均较低[18]。MDA5+DM-ILD患者的高分辨率计算机断层扫描(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT)表现以磨玻璃影(GGO)和实变更常见,较少表现为网状结构,其组织学类型常无法分类[19]。
ARS+DM合并ILD(ARS+DM-ILD)的发生率为79%~95%[20]。在抗ARS抗体中,抗Jo-1抗体、抗PL-7抗体和抗PL-12抗体与ILD发生率之间存在显著关联。其中约80%抗Jo-1抗体阳性DM表现出ILD,高达90%的抗PL-7抗体阳性DM和抗PL-12抗体阳性DM有ILD表现[19]。Marco等[21]提出在抗PL-7/PL-12抗体阳性患者中,ILD常见于肌炎发生之前。ARS+DM-ILD的临床病程通常为慢性,RP-ILD的发生率较低。ARS+DM-ILD患者组织学类型为非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)的比例约为65%,其次是普通型间质性肺炎(UIP)和机化性肺炎(OP),同时抗体亚型(包括Jo-1、抗PL-7、PL-12)的组织学类型无差异性,所有亚型均以NSIP为主[19]。
抗SAE抗体在MSA中属于罕见抗体,其在DM患者中的阳性率为1%~8%[22]。抗SAE抗体是在MSA中与ILD相关的第3种肌炎抗体,近50%的抗SAE抗体患者合并ILD,其组织学类型常表现为OP[20]。
抗TIF1-γ抗体、抗NXP2抗体和抗Mi-2抗体阳性DM患者恶性肿瘤的发生率高,而发生ILD风险较低。抗TIF1-γ抗体和抗Mi-2抗体阳性DM患者可能与ILD的发生呈负相关[2,23],抗TIF1-γ抗体和抗NXP2抗体阳性DM患者常与皮肤受累相关,抗Mi-2抗体阳性DM患者常有皮肤和肌肉受累表现[24]。
2.2 MAA阳性DM患者ILD的临床特点 抗Ro52抗体与ILD的高发病率相关。抗Ro52抗体阳性DM(Ro52+DM)患者在所有年龄段均可发生ILD,成年型Ro52+DM患者ILD异质性显著,其中75%为慢性间质性肺病,25%为RP-ILD[15]。而14%的青少年DM患者中可检出抗Ro52抗体,其中约33%合并ILD,且抗Ro52抗体与肺间质病变严重程度密切相关[25]。Ro52+DM合并RP-ILD患者的组织学类型为OP,但对于慢性间质性肺病患者,组织学类型以NSIP为主[11]。抗Ro52抗体通常与抗MSA共同出现,这种抗体共存的DM患者更易发生RP-ILD[26]。
在MAA中,抗PM-Scl抗体阳性患者ILD的发生率较高,组织学类型以NSIP最常见,其次是UIP和OP[27]。而抗Ku抗体阳性DM患者发生ILD风险较低[20],抗Ku抗体阳性DM患者通常在DM发生至少12个月后才发展为ILD,提示此抗体与晚发型ILD相关[28]。
3 不同DM自身抗体相关ILD患者的预后
3.1 MSA阳性DM患者ILD的预后 在MSA中,MDA5+DM-ILD患者通常进展迅速且预后较差。尽管给予积极的免疫抑制剂和糖皮质激素治疗,但MDA5+DM合并RP-ILD患者6个月病死率仍高达50%~70%[29]。既往不同队列中报告了多种影响MDA5+DM-ILD预后的因素,如血清铁蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、涎液化糖链抗原(KL-6)、抗MDA5滴度、IL-15、表面活性蛋白、血清半乳糖凝集素和HRCT评分[30]。基于既往MDA5+DM-ILD预后因素的报道,多项MDA5+DM-ILD的预后模型被提出。其中,一项大型回顾性研究提出名为“FLAW”新型复合风险评分模型用于预测MDA5+DM患者ILD的发生发展,其指标包括发热、乳酸脱氢酶>300 IU/L、年龄>50岁、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值>7[31]。另有研究显示,通过淋巴细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞、细胞角蛋白19片段、氧合指数和抗Ro52抗体5个指标所组成的风险预测模型同样能够预测MDA5+DM-ILD患者的预后[32]。
ARS不同抗体亚型患者的临床特征和预后有所不同。在202例抗ARS抗体阳性患者队列中,抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者5年累积生存率为90%,10年为70%;而非抗Jo-1抗合成酶抗体患者5年累积生存率为75%,10年为47%[33]。抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者通常具有较好的预后及较低的病死率,抗EJ抗体、抗PL-7抗体和抗PL-12抗体阳性患者有较高的复发率,较高的复发率导致长期预后不良[34-35]。Marco等[21]提出由于抗EJ抗体、抗PL-7抗体和抗PL-12抗体阳性患者ILD多发生于肌炎之前,抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者的预后优于其他患者,可能与抗Jo-1抗体阳性患者更易被识别,并能够得到早期诊断和治疗有关。与抗Jo-1抗体阳性者相比,抗EJ抗体阳性的DM-ILD患者发生呼吸衰竭和死亡的风险更高[36]。ARS+DM-ILD患者对最初的免疫抑制治疗反应良好,通常在治疗前6个月内发生改善[37]。但是也有部分患者可能出现肺间质纤维化,即便进行免疫抑制治疗,病情仍会持续恶化。ARS+DM-ILD患者在药物减量或者停药期间病情易复发,复发率为30%~50%[38]。与MDA5+DM-ILD或ARS+DM-ILD患者相比,MSA非MDA5抗体中,抗SAE抗体和抗Mi-2抗体阳性DM-ILD患者对治疗有更好的反应及良好的预后。
3.2 MAA阳性DM患者ILD的预后 在MAA中,抗Ro52抗体常与抗ARS抗体及抗MDA5抗体共存。Gui等[15]研究发现,DM患者抗Ro52抗体阳性率为57.1%,其中有64.9%与抗Jo-1抗体共存、34.5%与抗PL-7抗体共存、46.2%与抗PL-12抗体共存以及62.1%与抗MDA5抗体共存。研究显示,与无抗Ro52抗体的患者相比,抗Ro52抗体和抗ARS抗体共存的患者RP-ILD的发生率和病死率更高[19]。具有两种自身抗体的成年患者合并ILD的病情通常更为严重,更易发展为肺纤维化,且对各种免疫抑制药物反应较差,生存率降低。通过对不同MSA亚组进一步分析得出,不论儿童或成人,同时具有抗Ro52抗体和抗MDA5抗体的患者发展为RP-ILD的概率以及病死率均显著高于仅有抗MDA5抗体者[15]。因此,当抗Ro52抗体与抗ARS抗体或抗MDA5抗体共存时,DM患者ILD病情更严重,预后更差,病死率更高。
综上所述,自身抗体是自身免疫性风湿性疾病的特征性表现,且已成为DM-ILD诊断和预后判断的重要因素。然而,不同的DM自身抗体在ILD患者中有不同的临床特点和预后,因此需要临床医生对DM-ILD患者进行早期抗体的识别,并进行积极干预,以减少不良预后的发生。
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(2023-09-29收稿 2023-10-13修回)
(本文编辑 陈丽洁)