山建兰
核心素养是课程育人价值的集中体现,是学生通过课程学习逐步形成的适应个人终身发展和社会发展需要的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力。《义务教育英语课程标准》(2022年版)提出,英语课程要培养学生的核心素养,包括语言知识、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。其中,文化意识是指对中外文化的理解和对优秀文化的鉴赏,是学生在新时代表现出的跨文化认知、态度和行为选择。《义务教育英语课程标准》(2022年版)指出文化意识学段目标(7~9年级)是学生能形成良好品格,能欣赏、鉴别美好事物,形成健康的审美情趣;有正确的价值观和积极向上的情感态度。
义务教育英语课程是工具性和人文性的统一。英语课程不仅要让学生学会语言知识和语言技能,还要接受文学熏陶,通过语篇学习,学会客观、理性看待世界,形成积极的认知。笔者以核心素养为背景,以人教版英语七年级下册Unit 4 Dont eat in class Section B 2b阅读为例,探析初中英语阅读教学对学生文化意识的培养。
一、语篇分析
《义务教育英语课程标准》(2022年版)提出,教师要深入研读语篇,多层次、多角度分析语篇传递的意义,挖掘文化内涵和育人价值。教师在研读语篇时,可围绕回答三个基本问题,即what(语篇主题和内容是什么),why(语篇传递的意义是什么),how(语篇有怎样的文体特征,内容结构和语言特点,图、表传递的意义)。
第一,what的问题。人教版英语七年级下册Unit 4 Dont eat in class以规则为话题,谈论校规和家规,属于人与社会主题。Section B 2b语篇主人公Molly Brown写了一封信给心理咨询师Doctor Know,倾诉她的烦恼:规则太多。早晨起床,必须遵守妈妈制定的规则:6点起床,整理床铺,不能在水槽里留下脏盘子;在学校必须遵守校规:不能迟到,不能大声喧哗,不能在教室吃东西等;下午放学,要遵守爸爸制定的规则:必须先完成作业,看电视之前必须先阅读,必须10点睡觉。太多规则使Molly很苦恼。因此,她写了一封信给心理咨询师Doctor Know,希望得到他的帮助。第二封是Doctor Know给Molly的回信。信中Doctor Know表达了对Molly烦恼的理解,然后引导Molly乐观地看待规则,最后引发Molly思考:父母和学校之所以制定规则,是为了帮助我们。Doctor Know在试着帮助Molly明白规则的重要性。
第二,why的问题。校规和家规贴近学生的生活。学生在阅读Molly的信时,会与Molly产生共鸣,想到自己生活中的很多规则,也会对规则产生不良情绪。但Doctor Know的回信能帮助自己解决对规则的困惑,明白规则的必要性,接受并遵守规则。
第三,how的问题。该部分的语篇阅读以两封信的形式呈现。第一封是Molly写给Doctor Know的,语篇结构为总分总。语篇中的标点符号有丰富的意义,例如三处感叹号“There are too many rules!”“Rules,rules,rules! Its terrible!”表达了Molly强烈的情感。“At school, we have more rules--dont be noisy, dont eat in class,…”省略号表明还有很多校规。第二封是Doctor Know对Molly的回复。Doctor Know在信的开头表明对Molly的理解,容易让人接受。之后引导Molly回想自己也能做喜欢的事。最后帮助Molly明白父母和学校制定规则的重要性。
二、课例分析
Step 1 Leading in (Reviewing)
T: Hello, boys and girls. Do you still remember what we are talking about in this unit?
Ss: Rules.
T: Yes! Do you remember this boy? Who is him?
Ss: Dave.
T: What has Dave told us? How is his feeling?
Ss: Dave has many rules in his family. So he is unhappy.
T: Yes. Now, today, we are going to know about a girl. She also has some ideas about rules.
设计意图:该环节采用复习导入。《义务教育英语课程标准》(2022年版)教學建议提出实施单元整体教学。上一课时Dave向朋友倾诉自己的烦恼:家规太多,与本课时Molly与Doctor Know的书信交流话题一致。复习同一话题导入,有助于读后环节引发学生思考:并不是只有我们的生活中有规则,每个人的生活中都有规则。对严厉的规则产生烦恼并不奇怪,我们应该向身边的人寻求帮助解决烦恼,如朋友、老师、父母或心理咨询师。
Step 2 Pre-reading
T: Look, this girl! Do you know who she is?
Ss: She is Molly Brown.
T: How do you know?
教师引导学生关注语篇文体:信(aletter)。Molly Brown是写信人,Doctor Know是收信人。第一封信共有两段。
T: Yes. Look at this picture carefully. Where is she? What is she doing? Is she happy?
Ss: Maybe she is at home. She is reading a book. She is unhappy.
T: Why? Now, lets read the first letter, and find out why Molly is unhappy?
设计意图:该环节为读前,让学生仔细观察图片,并提问Molly在哪里?在做什么?她的心情如何?《义务教育英语课程标准》(2022年版)提出,英语学科语言技能包括听、说、读、写、看。“看”通常指利用多模态语篇中的图形等理解意义的技能。教师可通过引导学生看图,猜测语篇大概内容、故事情节发展或结局。引导学生仔细读图,让学生对语篇产生阅读兴趣,同时培养学生的观察力、推断力。老师提问为什么Molly不开心,目的有三个:第一,激发学生阅读的欲望;第二,该问题的答案在文章开头第一句话,教学生利用阅读策略,关注文章开头;第三,读完文本后,学生发现“规则太多”,所以Molly不开心,容易与作者产生情感共鸣。
Step 3 While-reading
(Fast reading)
Ss: Molly is unhappy because there are too many rules.
T: Yes. What are the rules? Please read the letter quickly, and match the rules with paragraphs. (the rules mother makes, school rules and the rules father makes)
T: How does Molly feel about these rules?
Ss: Rules, rules, rules! Its terrible.
(Carefully reading)
T: Now, lets read paragraph 1, then circle the rules mom makes, underline the school rules.
“At school, we have more rules -- dont be noisy, dont eat in class,…” There are more rules at school. What do other rules? Please make a list with your partner.
So, there are too many rules. But still, there are more rules. Now, lets read paragraph 2, and find out the rules father makes.
There are so many rules, no wonder Molly is unhappy. But how does Molly do? Does Molly break the rules to be against her mother, father or school?
Ss: No. She writes s letter to ask Dr. Know for help.
T: Yes. Now, lets see what Dr. Know tells to Molly.
设计目的:学生通过快速阅读和细读找出Molly生活中的规则:妈妈制定的规则,学校制定的规则,爸爸制定的规则。这些规则也正是学生生活中的规则,也容易让学生烦恼。此时,学生第二次与Molly产生共鸣。之后,教师引导学生发现,Molly并没有违反规则以逃避现实,而是勇敢地面对问题,寻求别人帮助。让学生带着与Molly相同的情绪和问题,阅读Dr. Know的回信。
T: Lets read the second letter from Doctor Know, and then finish the tasks in 2c.
1. Molly cant play basketball on school days, but she can play it on weekends.
2. Molly must do her homework first when she gets home.
3. Molly has to read a book after dinner before she can watch TV.
4. At school, Molly cant be noisy or eat in class.
So, Molly also can do something she likes. It seems not so bad. If there are no rules in Mollys life, her life will be …
设计目的:反思维呈现生活中缺乏规则的图片,引导学生感受Dr. Know的建议:Parents and schools are sometimes strict, but remember, they make rules to help us.让学生思考规则的重要性,从文本走到生活中,解决生活中的问题。
Step 4 Post-reading
T: Think about Dave and Molly, they have the same problems: they are confused about the rules at home and school. Do you have the same problems as them? If yes, dont worry. Every one may be dispirited(沮丧) by some problems. We should face our problems bravely and find the ways to solve them. Remember, our parents, friends and teachers will be ready to help us.
Now, Please write a letter to your parents, friends or teachers(anyone you like) about the rules in your life, and express your feelings.
設计目的:青春期的学生不喜欢被约束,他们对学校规则、家庭规则会产生不同程度的不满。学生刚开始阅读Molly的信时,可能会与Molly一样,对规则产生消极情感。通过教师的引导,学生可能会意识到规则的重要性:正是因为有规则,我们才能正常生活和学习。但如果学生还是不能理解规则的必要性,那么教师要引导学生正视自己的问题,并让他们知道生活中出现问题是正常的,要及时向老师、朋友、父母等信任的人寻求帮助。最后,让学生写一封信给家长、朋友或老师寻求帮助,引导学生正视问题、解决问题。
三、课例反思
语篇阅读不仅要训练学生的语言综合运用能力,还应该帮助他们提升思维品质、文化意识,培养良好的学习能力,这是笔者在本次课例设计中兼顾到的。但也有一些不足,如标点符号——三个感叹号代表Molly对规则强烈的不满和迫切希望得到帮助的心情,没有让学生深入感受。此外,教学任务没有可视化、具体化,单纯由一些口头提问开展课堂活动,不利于各个层次的学生学习英语。笔者将会在以后的英语课堂教学中以学生为中心,设计不同层次和类型的具体任务,以帮助学生完成阅读。
阅读过程原是一个心灵影响另一个心灵、一个生命打动另一个生命的活动(乔贵春,2020)。教师在教学中应该深度研读语篇,从what,why,how三个问题,多个角度挖掘语篇信息,引导学生走进文本,再走出文本,形成正确的价值观,并掌握解决生活问题的方法。