赵杨 杨一红 王标
【摘要】 目的:探讨超声对敌草快中毒患者心肾损伤评估的价值。方法:回顾性分析阜阳市人民医院收治的70例敌草快中毒患者的临床资料,根据入院6 h内是否发生心腎损伤分为心肾损伤组(n=15)与非心肾损伤组(n=55)。患者行超声检查测定肝固有动脉血流峰值流速(Vmax)、阻力指数(RI),对比两组患者降钙素原、肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)水平及Vmax、RI,用Pearson法分析CK、BUN、Scr及Vmax、RI与心肾损伤的相关性。绘制受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线,分析超声对敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的评估价值。结果:两组降钙素原比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),心肾损伤组CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI均高于非心肾损伤组(P<0.05)。Pearson结果显示,CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI与心肾损伤均呈正相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI单独评估敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的AUC分别为0.791、0.802、0.821、0.737,Vmax、RI联合检测的AUC高于各指标单一检测(P<0.05)。结论:CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI在评估敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤中均具有重要价值,且Vmax联合RI评估的价值更高。
【关键词】 敌草快中毒 降钙素原 肌酸激酶 心肾损伤
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the value of ultrasound in the evaluation of cardiorenal injury in patients with Dquat poisoning. Method: The clinical data of 70 patients with Dquat poisoning admitted to Fuyang People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether cardiorenal injury occurred within 6 h after admission, they were divided into cardiorenal injury group (n=15) and non-cardiorenal injury group (n=55). The peak flow velocity (Vmax) and resistance index (RI) of the proper hepatic artery were measured by ultrasonography. The levels of procalcitonin, creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), Vmax and RI were compared between the two groups. Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between CK, BUN, Scr, Vmax, RI and cardiorenal injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the value of ultrasound in the evaluation of cardiorenal injury in patients with Dquat poisoning within 6 h after admission. Result: There was no significant difference in procalcitonin between the two groups (P>0.05). CK, BUN, Scr, Vmax and RI in the cardiorenal injury group were higher than those in the non-cardiorenal injury (P<0.05). Pearson's results showed that CK, BUN, Scr, Vmax and RI were positively correlated with cardiorenal injury (P<0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of single assessment of CK, BUN, Scr, Vmax and RI for cardiorenal injury in patients with Dquat poisoning within 6 h after admission respectively was 0.791, 0.802, 0.821 and 0.737, and the AUC of the combined detection of Vmax and RI was higher than that of the single detection of each index (P<0.05). Conclusion: CK, BUN, Scr, Vmax and RI all have important value in the assessment of cardiorenal injury in patients with Dquat poisoning within 6 h after admission, and the value of Vmax combined with RI is higher.
[Key words] Dquat poisoning Procalcitonin Creatine kinase Cardiorenal injury
敌草快对组织有腐蚀性,可通过消化道、呼吸道及皮肤黏膜吸收引起中毒,可引起以下症状:局部刺激症状,如皮肤黏膜灼烧样疼痛,口腔咽喉出现糜烂溃疡;消化系统症状,如恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹胀、肠梗阻、部分出现肝功能异常;肾损伤症状:如血尿、尿少、无尿等[1]。相关研究表明,心肾损伤为敌草快中毒后常见的并发症之一,其发生率为2.52%~15.14%,明显增加患者预后不良的风险,且心肾损伤程度与患者生存率密切相关[2]。目前,心肾损伤影像诊断方案包括X线、磁共振成像(MRI)、双源CT及超声等[3-5]。目前,国内有关超声对敌草快中毒患者心肾损伤评估的研究报道较少,为此,本研究特回顾性分析阜阳市人民医院收治的70例敌草快中毒患者的临床资料,旨在为提高心肾损伤的评估价值提供参考依据,详情如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析阜阳市人民医院收治的70例敌草快中毒患者的临床资料。纳入标准:确诊敌草快中毒;意识清晰;资料完整。排除标准:严重贫血;有认知功能障碍或精神疾病;合并恶性肿瘤;近期有手术史或输血史。参照文献[6],根据入院6 h内是否发生心肾损伤分为心肾损伤组(n=15)与非心肾损伤组(n=55)。本次研究已通过本院医学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 收集资料 收集可能影响敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的因素,包括降钙素原、肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)。
1.2.2 CK、BUN、Scr及降钙素原的检测方法 采集所有患者5 mL静脉血,以转速3 500 r/min,半径10 cm离心15 min,离心后收集血清采用URIT-8020A型全自动生化分析仪(武汉市东方医景医疗器械有限公司),通过酶联免疫吸附法测定患者血清CK、BUN及Scr水平,试剂盒厂家均为上海酶研生物科技有限公司,并通过化学发光法检测降钙素原。
1.2.3 超声检查 患者取仰卧位,充分暴露腹部,嘱患者全身放松,使用IU22彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(美国 Philips公司),探头频率3~5 MHz。详细检查患者肝固有动脉峰值血流速度(Vmax)、阻力指数(RI)。
1.3 统计学处理
用SPSS 20.0软件处理数据。以(x±s)描述计量资料,并以t检验比较;以率(%)描述计数资料,以字2检验比较。采用Pearson法分析CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI与心肾损伤的相关性。绘制受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,以曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分析Vmax、RI对敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的评估价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 心肾损伤组与非心肾损伤组的临床资料比较
两组降钙素原比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);心肾损伤组CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI均高于非心肾损伤组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI与心肾损伤的相关性
Pearson结果显示,CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI与心肾损伤均呈正相关(P<0.05),见表2。
2.3 CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI对敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的评估价值
ROC曲线结果显示,CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI单独评估敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的AUC分别为0.791、0.802、0.821、0.737,Vmax、RI联合检测的AUC高于各指标单一检测(P<0.05),见表3、图1。
3 讨论
敌草快是一种有机磷杀虫药,中毒之后主要表现为毒蕈碱样症状和烟碱样症状。而敌草快中毒属于非生理性循环状态,会引起机体血流动力学改变,不仅可产生非搏动性灌注,造成肾小球灌注压下降,而且能够激活体内的炎症反应,损伤多脏器功能,导致全身炎症反应[7-9]。敌草快会加重肾脏缺氧缺血,提高心肾损伤的发生率,严重影响患者的生存质量。目前,临床上尚缺乏有效的指标评估敌草快中毒患者是否发生心肾损伤,如何提高心肾损伤的评估价值仍然是临床研究的重难点。
肝固有动脉血流与心肾损伤的关系是通过肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮机制来解释的[10]。肝固有动脉是肝脏供应血液的主要动脉,而肾脏和肝脏之间存在着丰富的神经联系。心肾损伤引起的肾脏缺血和低灌注状态会刺激肾脏内的压力感受器和化学感受器,这些感受器会释放出一些神经传递物质,如多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素等,这些神经传递物质会刺激肝固有动脉内的感受器,触发一系列反应,包括肝固有动脉收缩、醛固酮的释放增加等,这都会导致有效循环血量提高,以维持肾脏的灌注和功能[11-15]。因此,通过评估肝固有动脉的血流状态可以反映心肾损伤情况。临床上多采用Scr辅助诊断肾损伤,然而在肾损伤发生4~6 h甚至更长时间,Scr水平才会升高,单独应用临床受限[16]。血清CK与重症心肾损伤患者住院死亡率密切相关。研究显示,急性百草枯中毒死亡原因主要是心肌收缩乏力导致循环衰竭[17-18]。CK广泛存在于线粒体与胞浆中,可催化ATP和肌酸之间高能磷酸鍵转换生成ADP与磷酸肌酸的可逆反应,为运输系统与肌肉收缩提供能量来源[19-20]。有研究表明,CK为患者发生心肾损伤的独立影响因素[21]。本研究显示,心肾损伤组CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI均高于非心肾损伤组,CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI均为敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤的影响因素,提示CK、BUN、Scr、Vmax、RI水平与敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤有关。本研究中,ROC曲线结果显示,Vmax、RI联合检测AUC高于各指标单一检测,提示Vmax、RI在评估敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤中具有重要价值。临床上通过联合监测彩色多普勒超声指标Vmax、RI,有助于对心肾损伤患者的情况进行早期评估,以便于指导临床工作者及时制订相关诊断对策,进而提高诊断心肾损伤效率。
综上所述,超声对敌草快中毒患者心肾损伤的诊断效能较高,在评估敌草快中毒患者入院6 h内发生心肾损伤中具有重要价值。
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