宾语从句考点解析

徐燕

宾语从句助记口诀：

宾语从句三姊妹，that，if / whether，wh⁃ / how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if / whether连。要是问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫自得，人称、标点需注重，留意变脸的if / when，从句简化记心间。

【歌诀解码】

一、三姊妹

宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew （that）we should learn from each other.

2. 由if / whether引导的宾语从句。如：Please tell me if / whether you have been to America.

3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？

考题链接：

（1） Has he finished his homework？ Do you know？（两句合并成一句）

Do you know ___________he ___________finished his homework？（if; has）

（2） “Do you have a good time at the amusement park？” He asked me. （改为含有宾语从句的复合句）

He asked me ___________I ___________a good time at the amusement park.（whether / if; had）

（3） Could you tell us？ When does the band start playing this evening？（兩句合并成一句）

Could you tell us___________the band___________playing this evening？（when; starts）

二、三关

1. 引导词关

从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if / whether；从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用疑问代词 / 副词。

考题链接：

（1） —I am worried___________I can enter a good high school or not.

—Work hard and trust in yourself.

A.why B. what C.whether D. where

【解析】C. 句意：——我担心我能否进入一所好高中。——努力学习，相信自己。why为什么；what什么；whether是否；where哪里。根据句中的or not可知应选whether。故选C。

（2） —Excuse me， could you tell me ___________？

—You can take No 6 bus there. It’s about 15 minutes’ ride.

A. how far is the Slender West Lake

B. how far the Slender West Lake is

C. how can I get to the Slender West Lake

D. how I can get to the Slender West Lake

【解析】D. 句意：——对不起，你能告诉我怎样去瘦西湖吗？——你可以坐6路公共汽车去那里。大约15分钟车程。选项A和C语序错误。根据答句“You can take No 6 bus there. ”可知，是询问怎么去瘦西湖。故选D。

（3） —Can you tell me___________？

—Yes. In the language center.

A. where will the speech competition be held

B. where the speech competition will be held

C. when will the speech competition be held

D. when the speech competition will be held

【解析】B. 根据答语“In the language center”可知，询问的是地点，应用where提问。宾语从句应为陈述语序，结构为“从句引导词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他”。故选B。

2. 语序关

陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。

一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。

考题链接：

（1） —I wonder ___________.

—I am not sure. Maybe yes.

A. if has Dave got his driver’s license     B. how long has Dave got his driver’s license

C. if Dave has got his driver’s license     D. how long Dave has got his driver’s license

【解析】C. 句意：——我想知道Dave是否有驾照。——我不确定，可能有吧。宾语从句应用陈述语序，即“从句引导词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他”，A和B选项的语序错误，故排除。根据句意选C。

（2） —Do you know ___________the new national park？

—Yes， I do. To protect wildlife and benefit the local people.

A. why did China set up B. why China set up

C. when did China set up D. when China set up

【解析】B. 句意：——你知道中国为什么建造新的国家公园吗？——是的，为了保护野生动物、造福当地人民。宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除A、C；从答语可知，问句是在询问原因。故选B。

3. 时态关

主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：

I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如： He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.

注意：宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.

考题链接：

（1） In the past， people didn’t know that light ___________faster than sound.

A. travels         B. travelled       C. travel

【解析】 A. 句意：在过去人们不知道光速要比声速快。宾语从句中，从句是客观规律时不受主句时态的限制，依然使用一般现在时态，故选A。

（2） He asked me___________.

A. where can he find a supermarket

B. if I know the way to the supermarket

C. how he could get to the supermarket

【解析】C. 句意：他问我怎样才能去超市。宾语从句用陈述语序，排除A选项。主句时态是一般过去时，从句也相应地用过去时，排除B，故选C。

（3） —Could you please tell me ___________when they meet for the first time in China？

—They usually shake hands.

A. what do people usually do         B. what people usually do

C. where do people usually go         D. where people usually go

【解析】 B. 句意：——請你告诉我在中国人们第一次见面通常会怎么做？——他们通常握手。宾语从句需用陈述句语序，排除A， C选项。由回答可知问的是做什么事情，故连接词用what，排除D选项。故选B。

（4） The doctor wanted to know___________this morning.

A. what did you have B. what you had C. what you have

【解析】B. 宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除A。由句中的主句谓语wanted可知，从句用一般过去时态表达。故选B。

三、人称的变化和标点的使用

1. 从句的主语是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；从句的主语是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；从句的主语是第三人称，不用变化。如：

“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.

2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：

Who will give us a talk？ I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

Do you know？ Where does he live？ →Do you know where he lives？

四、两副面孔

if和when既能引导其他状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，碰到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：

If it rains tomorrow，I won’t come.（条件状语从句）

I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）

五、从句的简化

1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语 + 宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或v.⁃ing形式。如：

She found that the wallet lay / was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie / lying on the ground.

2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：

She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

3. 在连接代词 / 副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词 / 副词 + 不定式”结构。如：

Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？

考题链接：

Please tell me where we can put our mobile phones.（改为同义句）

Please tell me ______________________put our mobile phones.（where to）

（作者单位：江苏省扬州市朱自清中学）