周敏
语法是小学英语教学的重要内容,但在实际教学中,有的教师过于强调语法规则的使用,忽视语言交际情境;学生一味关注语法结构,忽视语法的意义和功能。其实,教师可以将语法的表意功能、语法结构、语法运用与思维品质的培养有机结合,引导学生在语法学习过程中内化语法意识,提升思维品质,从而使语法教学从“静态的语法规则”走向“动态的语法规范”。
译林版《英语》五、六年级教材每个单元独立增设Grammar time板块,此板块以直观清晰、通俗易懂的图表形式归纳与总结语法知識。本人将结合五年级下册Unit 4 Seeing the doctor中Grammar time板块教学的课例,具体阐述如何在语法教学中有效培养学生的思维品质。
一、整体创设情境,培养思维的逻辑性
教材Grammar time板块虽以图表形式呈现语法项目,但句子之间既无逻辑也无层次,常规的机械讲解与问答操练缺乏趣味和语境,无法充分激发学生的学习兴趣和探究意识。教师应借助单元话题整体创设主问题和子问题情境,将语法教学要点融入到各个子问题的解决过程中,使得整节语法课在一个真实而有意义的完整教学情境中有序展开,从中培养学生思维的逻辑性。本课语法教学的情境创设如下:
首先,教师根据本单元的“Seeing the doctor”话题,创设主题为“How to see the doctor?”为本节语法课的主问题情境,为后续子问题情境创设做好铺垫;
其次,在主问题情境架构下,教师根据本课语法教学目标细化分解成How to ask a patient?How to answer a doctor?和How to give suggestions?三个子问题情境,将语法知识的教学有机融入上述三个问题的解决过程中,让学生从中体会本课语法项目的表意功能。
最后,围绕本课主题,讨论看病就医的相关注意事项。
本节课教师基于主题问题情境,创设三个子问题情境,将零散、琐碎的语法知识点有效串联与整合,引导学生在具体语境中有序呈现和操练语法要点,有效运用和内化语法知识,从中锻炼学生语言思维的逻辑性和语言表达的连贯性。
二、初步感知语法,培养思维的灵活性
语法教学的目标是引导学生在实际语境中灵活运用语法规则进行准确的语法表达。教师要基于单元话题创设真实或接近真实的交际情境,让学生在熟悉的语言环境中初步感知和呈现语法内容,有效发散和拓展学生思维。
本单元话题为“Seeing the doctor”,第一课时的Story time板块讲诉了医患之间的对话,学生已初步了解该话题语言和功能句型。教师立足上述语言学情,引导学生围绕主题How to see the doctor?,借助思维导图,依据关键词句提示全方位、多层次、多角度思考,有效激活学生头脑中的有关看病就医的问答图式。同时,教师结合本课语法教学目标重点,呈现语法要点。教学片断如下:
T: We learned something about seeing the doctor in the story. What should a good doctor do?
Ss: A good doctor should first observe the patients, then ask and give suggestions about their illnesses.
T: Great! Lets talk about the first step, what illnesses do you know?
Ss: Cold / fever / cough / toothache / earache / backache / stomachache / …
T: Great!We can see some kinds of illnesses easily, like cough and toothache. But we cant see other illnesses.So a good doctor should ask the patients. What questions can he ask?
Ss:Whats wrong with you? / Whats the matter with you? / How do you feel now? /…
T: Yes. The doctors should listen to their patients and catch some key information about their illnesses.(教师随机播放如下一段医患之间的对话,要求学生听完对话回答问题。)
Doctor: Whats wrong with you?
Patient: I have a cold. I feel cold.
Doctor: Let me check. Your temperature is 39℃. You have a high fever.
T: The patients can use “I have a/an + 疾病类单词”to say their illnesses. A good doctor should give them some suggestions. What should the doctor say?
Ss: You should take some medicine/drink some warm water/have a good rest/brush your teeth in the morning and before bedtime/… You shouldnt stay late at night/eat too many sweets/…
上述教学环节中,教师利用开放性问题“What should a good doctor do?”引出思维导图的主题关键词illnesses、questions、answers和suggestions,学生结合Story time板块语言内容,通过问答交流逐步完善导图,借助直观、完整图文初步感知语法内容。同时,学生立足单元主题,依托思维导图系统、全面地思考问题,语言思维得到深度的发散与拓展。
三、系统归纳语法,培养思维的准确性
語法教学要让学生在较真实的情景中理解语法项目的内涵与意义。教师教学时应让学生依托单元主题情景开展交际活动,引导学生通过观察与思考、猜测与比较等方法自主发现、系统归纳隐含在语言现象中的语法规则,促使学生准确、规范运用语法知识。
本单元Grammar time板块主要呈现就医过程中医患双方的问答句型。教学时教师不能一味地简单出示表格语法内容让学生机械记忆和背诵,而应让学生在单元主题情景中通过思考、讨论、推测、总结得出本课的语法知识。此环节教学步骤如下:
Step 1 Ask and answer
教师课件呈现教材人物不同症状图片,引导学生同桌自主选择插图,通过模拟医生与病人角色开展问答交流,由此完整出示医患双方疾病问询类语法句型。(见图1)
Step 2 Choose and say
教师课件出示六组患病人物图片,让学生细致观察图中人物的病状,准确运用语法句型规范表达;然后让学生自主选择图片,再次合作模拟医患双方对话,在具体语境中操练、呈现医生的诊疗建议类语法句型。
Step 3 Think and discuss
教师用课件完整呈现单元Grammar time板块的图表语法句型,让学生小组交流讨论、归纳总结语法规则。教学片段如下:
T: Look at these words end with “Whats wrong with”? Can you find any rules of them?
S: Theyre “人称代词的宾格形式”.
T: Yes, can you give any other words with the rules?
S: me/us/it/…
T: Right. Look at the answers of the questions above. Can you find any grammar rules?
S: I can find “have/has + a + illness”.
T: Yes. We use this structure to talk about illnesses. Dont forget “a”in the sentence.
Sometimes we also can see “an + illness”, for example, an earache(适当拓展语法)
T: Can you read these sentences? (自读图表3中第三、四栏)What rules can you find? Discuss in groups.
S: We can find “should/shouldnt + verbs”.
T: Great! We can use these sentences to talk about illnesses and suggestions in the hospital.
上述教学过程中,教师首先让学生结合单元主题和患者图片,通过角色模拟交流问答复现语法句型;然后引导学生通过阅读与分析、思考与讨论、归纳与总结本课语法项目,充分调动学生语法学习的积极性。学生在自主发现和小组探究活动中有效建构语法项目的意义、规则和结构,在角色模拟交流中体会语法知识的正确使用要求,从中发展学生思维的准确性。
四、综合运用语法,培养思维的创造性
语法教学的最终目的是引导学生在语法规则的框架内“用英语做事”。在语法运用阶段,教师应结合单元主题创设贴近学生实际生活的交际语境,设计符合学生年龄和认知特点的趣味任务或活动,让学生在熟悉的主题情景中扎实巩固、灵活运用所学语法知识,从中提升学生的语法技能,发展学生的创造性思维。
本课教材配套的语法活动为“Do a role-play”,旨在让学生在模拟就诊情境中思考和选择医患双方交流所用的语法句型,从中检测学生理解掌握语法内容的程度和综合运用语法知识的技能。本环节教学步骤如下:
Step 1 Pick and talk
教师课件出示语法活动游戏规则,指导学生按步骤自主选取角色,小组合作开展问诊交流,在动态模拟情景中操练、巩固和运用语法知识。
Step 2 Show and say
教师课件呈现角色对话框架,适当补充主题相关的交际用语,引导学生借助医用服饰、医疗器械,适时添加表情动作,参照教材“病历卡”运用语法句型谈论病情、商讨对策,真实体验和亲身实践语法内容。以下为一组学生的对话表演:
Patient 1: Good afternoon, Doctor Wu.
Doctor Wu: Good afternoon, whats wrong with you?
Patient 1: (手持蓝色病历卡)I always cough. I feel thirsty.
Doctor Wu: Open your mouth and say ‘Ah. You have a bad cough.
Patient 1: What should I do, doctor?
Doctor Wu: You should take some medicine and drink a lot of warm water. You shouldnt eat sweet food.
Patient 1: OK. Thank you, doctor.
Doctor Wu: Whats wrong with you?(询问Patient 2病情)
Patient 2: (手持绿色病历卡)I have a headache. I feel cold.
Doctor Wu: Let me check your temperature. Its 38℃. You have a fever.
Patient 2: What should I do, doctor?
Doctor Wu: You should drink some warm water and have a good rest. You can also take some medicine if necessary. You shouldnt watch TV.
Patient 2: Thanks, doctor.
Doctor Wu: Whats wrong with you?(询问Patient 3病情)
Patient 3: (手持橙色病历卡)I have a toothache. I cant eat anything.
Doctor Wu: Open your mouth and let me check your bad tooth. You should brush your teeth in the morning and before bedtime. You shouldnt eat sweets. You shouldnt eat before bedtime either.
Patient 3: Thank you, doctor.
上述教学环节中,教师结合话题创设动态模拟场景,让学生通过选取角色、抽取病历、交流问答和角色扮演等学习任务整合操练、综合运用语法知识。生活化的交际场景激起了学生的学习兴趣,趣味化的语法操练激发了学生头脑中的已有图式,实景化的角色模拟激活了学生的言语思维,学生在亲自体验与实践中主动思维、丰富想象、灵活创新,有效提升了综合语言运用能力。
五、探讨语法主题,培养思维的批判性
学生在语法实践过程中时常面临句型结构混乱、语意模糊不清等理解和思维方面的问题。教师应鼓励学生在语法学习过程中结合单元主题相关语言知识,有针对性地提出自己独到的见解,使学生在加深对语法知识理解的过程中形成思辨意识。
在本课例的教学末段,教师依托单元主题设计开放性问题“Is it always necessary to see the doctor?”,引导学生依据生活经验,综合运用所学语法知识讨论与交流,自主阐述心中的想法。教学片断如下:
T: Today we learned how to see the doctor. We know everyone cares about health. What do you think of seeing the doctor? Is it always necessary to see the doctor? Why? Lets discuss in groups.(学生组内讨论身体不适是否就医的必要性。)
S1:I think its always necessary to see the doctor. The doctor can give their patients the proper suggestions about their illnesses.
S2:Sometimes our illnesses are very common. We often have some household medicine. We can take the medicine and have some rest at home. We neednt see the doctor because there are lots of people in the hospital. You maybe wait your doctor for a long time.
S3:I think it depends on your illnesses. If it doesnt matter, you neednt go to see the doctor. If its serious, you must see the doctor immediately.
S4:I think its not always necessary to see the doctor. Everyone should take good care of their bodies. Children should have good living, eating and learning habits. We should give medical care to people who needs most.
…
T: Well done!I like your own opinion on this topic. I think we should look after ourselves and always keep healthy.
上述教學环节中,教师围绕主题创设“问题场”,引导各组学生在问题情境中思考与分析、质疑与联想、讨论与评价,在各种新颖、合理的观点碰撞中激发求异思维。学生综合运用所学语法知识,准确、深刻地阐述各自的立场与观点,在反思性、创新性的语言交流过程中培养和提升批判性思维。
教师在语法教学中,要依托单元主题情景设计多种语法学习任务,引导学生通过整体感知、系统归纳、综合运用语法等过程理解表意功能,体会语法意义,形成语法意识。同时发展学生思维品质,培养学生核心素养,以此真正实现语言教学的目标。
课题项目:本文为江苏省无锡市教育科学“十三五”规划2020年度立项课题“小学英语教学中培养学生思维品质的实践研究”的阶段性研究成果。(课题编号:A/D/2020/33)
(责任编辑:李晶)