教学考试杂志社“优师计划”阶段性成果展示——高考重点题型相关试题选登

Passage 1

We are in an environmental crisis.The planet is heating up,and the Amazon is terribly on fire.And it often feels like there’s nothing you can do in the face of such a largescale catastrophe.But one man called Tony Riddle is active and taking on an incredible challenge to raise vital funds for environmental charities and raise awareness about current problems by running barefoot.

Tony Riddle will run the length of the United Kingdom from Land’s End to John o‘Groats—almost 900 miles.Starting on the 1st September and covering approximately 30 miles per day for 30 days,the natural lifestyle coach aims to raise£25 000 for five environmental charities.He hopes that it will provide a platform to stress the importance of connecting with our environment,and to demonstrate the incredible possibilities of human body.

There’s also a deeper meaning behind his decision to run barefoot.Tony’s feet were once a source of severe pain.He was born with under-developed lower limbs（肢体）and was bound by metal for the first 12 weeks of his life and then braced (戴着) for the next two years.It was a long road to recovery,but now his feet have now been transformed into super strong foundations that are able to carry him across the entirety of the country.

“We are so disconnected from nature,how can we ever relate to our environmental issues and fully commit to sustainability (可持续性) ?”asks Tony.“If we can’t connect or relate to nature,what chance do we have of saving it,and ourselves?”As a father to three children,soon to be four; I feel the need for a change in our current disconnected behaviors.We need to do more to communicate the problem that arises from our disconnection from the natural world.“This is why I have chosen to support these organizations which protect our oceans,lands and animal—including human—species.”

24.What made Tony Riddle run with bare feet?

A.Large-scale catastrophes.

B.Planet’s heat.

C.Amazon fire.

D.Environmental problems.

25.What does the underlined word “demonstrate” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A.Strike. B.Prove.

C.Overcome. D.Assess.

26.We can infer from the last paragraph __________________ .

A.Tony’s wife is pregnant

B.people connect themselves with nature

C.people live a good life in the natural world

D.Tony supports organizations to protect the environment

27.Which of the following best describes Tony Riddle?

A.Humorous. B.Strong-willed.

C.Easy-going. D.Aggressive.

【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。面对日益严重的环境问题，一位名叫Tony Riddle的人决定通过赤脚跑步来募集资金，这引起了大家对环境问题的关注。

24.D细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第四句“But one man called Tony Riddle is active and taking on an incredible challenge to raise vital funds for environmental charities and raise awareness about current problems by running barefoot.” 可 知，Tony Riddle赤脚跑步是为了唤起大家的环境保护意识。故选D。

25.B词义猜测题。

【解题思路】根据第二段内容可知，Tony Riddle要跑900英里来证明人类身体的无限可能性。由此推知，画线词demonstrate应意为“证明”，相当于prove。故选B。

26.A推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段第三句中的“As a father to three children,soon to be four”可知，Tony现在有三个孩子，他即将成为四个孩子的父亲。由此可推知，他的妻子现在怀孕了。故选A。

27.B推理判断题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Tony Riddle为了唤起大家对环境问题的重视并为环境慈善机构募集资金，他赤脚跑了900英里。由此可推知，他是一个很坚韧的人。故选B。

【长难句分析】It was a long road to recovery,but now his feet have now been transformed into super strong foundations that are able to carry him across the entirety of the country.（倒数第二段最后一句）

分析：这是一个并列复合句。that are able to carry him across the entirety of the country是一个定语从句，先行词是foundations。

译文：这是一条漫长的恢复之路，但是现在他的脚转变成了他超级强大的基础，让他能够走遍整个国家。

词汇积累：awarenessn.意识，理解

approximatelyadv.大约

stress the importance of强调……的重要性

Passage 2

Is it possible to make paper without trees? Australian businessmen Kevin Garcia and Jon Tse were determined to find out.They spent a year researching a possible alternative that could serve as a possible raw material for making paper.

“What if we re-engineer how paper is made that’s more in line with our environmental responsibility?” asked Garcia.Then Garcia read about a Taiwanese company making commercial paper out of stone and inspiration struck.A year later,in July 2017,they launched Karst Stone Paper.The company produces paper without using wood,water or chemicals with terrible smell.Their source is stone waste mined from construction sites and other industrial waste places.

“If you look at the whole process of how paper is traditionally made,it involves cutting trees,adding chemicals and bleach to make pulp (纸浆),using lots of water and then squeezing,drying and flattening it into sheets of paper,” said Garcia.“It contributes to high carbon emission deforestation.”

The pulp and paper industry uses over 40% of all industrial wood traded globally,according to the World Wildlife Fund.Karst,based in Sydney,aims to reduce the rate of deforestation with its sustainably-made paper goods.

In 2019,Garcia estimates Karst’s paper production helped save 540 large trees from being deforested,83 100 liters(21 953 gallons) of water from being used and 25 500 kilograms (56 218 pounds) of carbon dioxide from being emitted (排放).

“We collect abandoned limestone from wherever we can find it,wash it,and ground it into fine powder,” Garcia said.The powder is mixed with a HDPE resin (高密度聚乙烯树脂).The paste-like mixture is finally turned into thin sheets of paper.The carbon emission from this process is “about 67%less than making paper from tree pulp”,he said.

32.What can we learn about the company Karst Stone Paper?

A.It mainly depends on labor.

B.It makes paper from stone waste.

C.It aims to make great profits.

D.It produces paper from trees.

33.What do the statistics in Paragraph 5 show about Karst’s paper production?

A.It is more eco-friendly.

B.It seldom uses water.

C.Its process is much simpler.

D.It stops carbon dioxide from being emitted.

34.Which of the following best describe Kevin Garcia and Jon Tse?

A.Sympathetic. B.Indifferent.

C.Ambitious. D.Responsible.

35.What is the best title for the text?

A.The Way of Environmental Protection

B.Successful Stone-Paper Entrepreneurs

C.Making Stone-Paper and Saving Lots of Trees

D.The Traditional Process of Making Paper

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚商人用废弃石头代替传统原料制作纸张,节约了很多树木资源，并使其制作过程与传统原料相比，更加节省水资源，大大减少二氧化碳的排放量。

32.B细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“Their source is stone waste mined from construction sites and other industrial waste place.”可知，这个公司的造纸原料是来自建筑工地的废弃石头。故选B。

33.A推理判断题。

【解题思路】通读第五段内容可知，Karst公司的纸张生产（模式）帮助节约了很多树木资源，节约了水资源以及减少了二氧化碳的排放。由此可推知，Karst公司的纸张生产（模式）是更加环保的。故选A。

34.D推理判断题。

【解题思路】通读全文尤其是第二段第一句“What if we re-engineer how paper is made that’s more in line with our environmental responsibility？”可知，为保护环境，Kevin Garcia和Jon Tse试图用石头制作纸张并创建了Karst公司使他们的想法付诸于行动。由此可推知，他们具有很强烈的环境保护责任感。故选D。

35.C标题概括题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，本文介绍了澳大利亚商人用废弃石头代替传统原料树木来制作纸张，节约了很多树木资源。因此C项是最适合本文的标题。故选C。

【长难句分析】“If you look at the whole process of how paper is traditionally made,it involves cutting trees,adding chemicals and bleach to make pulp (纸浆),using lots of water and then squeezing,drying and flattening it into sheets of paper,”said Garcia.(第三段第一句)

分析：本句是一个主从复合句。其中含有一个条件状语从句If you look at the whole process of how paper is traditionally made；从句中含有一个宾语从句how paper is traditionally made；主句中含有六个动名词短语作宾语。

译文：Garcia说 ：“如果你看看传统纸张的制作过程，（你会发现）它涉及砍伐树木，添加化学品和漂白剂去制成纸浆，使用大量的水，然后挤压烘干，最后变成扁平的纸片。”

词汇积累：alternativen.供替代的选择

commercialadj.商业的

deforestationn.森林砍伐

raw material原料

construction sites建筑工地

contribute to导致

Passage 3

If you take a look around your kitchen or office right now,chances are you’ll notice you’re surrounded by plastic—water bottles,take-out coffee cups,straws,plastic grocery bags,food packages,take-out containers,and produce bags.These are all examples of single-use plastic products,which is a hot topic nowadays based on both environmental and health concerns.

It’s certainly not realistic to remove all plastic from your life,but let’s examine some statistics that may encourage you to reduce your single-use plastic footprint by throwing away straws（吸管）,switching to reusable water bottles,bringing cloth bags to the grocery store,and more.

The popularity of plastic,which began rising in the 1950s,is growing out of control—18.2 trillion pounds of plastic have been produced around the world,according to a study published in the journal Science Advances,a publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.And there’s no sign of slowing down,considering scientists say that another 26-5 trillion pounds will be produced worldwide by 2050.

“Every piece of plastic that has ever been created will remain in the environment in some form,but once we conveniently throw out our trash at home,wind and runoff carry our waste from landfills and streets down the sewer（污水渠）and directly to the ocean,” says Jennifer Flower.“Our plastic consumption is directly affecting the marine life in the ocean including fish,which is a main source of food for humans as well.Often our society is so focused on making our lives more convenient in the short term,but in the long run,those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health and the health of marine life.”

Worried about global warming? You should be.

32.The first paragraph is written to show ____________________ .

A.plastic products are convenient

B.plastic products are very harmful

C.plastic is everywhere in daily life

D.the topic about plastic is outdated

33.What do the statistics in Paragraph 3 imply?

A.The popularity of plastic began in 1950.

B.18.2 trillion pounds of plastic is produced every year.

C.Plastic is still in great demand in the future.

D.Production of plastic will reach the limit by 2050.

34.What can we learn from Jennifer Flower’s words?

A.Plastic has brought great convenience.

B.Plastic producers should be blamed.

C.The marine life will suffer the lack of food.

D.Plastic is a double-edged sword.

35.From which is this text probably taken?

A.A biology text.

B.A health magazine.

C.A research paper.

D.A news report.

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了塑料的危害性，从而呼吁人们减少对一次性塑料（制品）的使用。

32.C目的意图题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第一句中的“If you take a look around your kitchen or office right now,chances are you’ll notice you’re surrounded by plastic”可知，如果你此刻环顾你的厨房或办公室，可能会注意到你被塑料（制品）包围了。由此可推知，第一段旨在表明塑料在人们的日常生活中被广泛使用，承接下文作者提出的要减少对一次性塑料（制品）使用的建议。故选C项。

33.C推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段内容可知，自20世纪50年代塑料开始受欢迎以来，全世界已经生产了近18.2万亿磅的塑料。到2050年，还将有26.5万亿磅的塑料被生产出来。由此可推知，第三段的数据表明了未来塑料的需求量依然很大。故选C项。

34.D推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第四段最后一句“Often our society is so focused on making our lives more convenient in the short term,but in the long run,those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health and the health of marine life.”可知，我们的社会常常会过于关注短期内让生活变得更加便利，但是从长远来看，那些生活的便利是以我们的健康和海洋生物的健康作为代价的。由此可推知，从Jennifer Flower的话中，我们可以知道塑料是一把双刃剑。故选D项。

35.B文章出处题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了一次性塑料(制品)在日常生活中广泛使用，这不仅给人们的健康带来了危害，同时也危及到了海洋生物的健康，破坏了海洋生态环境，因此本文呼吁人们减少对一次性塑料（制品）的使用。而介绍这类内容的文章多刊载在健康生活类杂志上。故选B项。

【长难句分析】“Every piece of plastic that has ever been created will remain in the environment in some form,but once we conveniently throw out our trash at home,wind and runoff carry our waste from landfills and streets down the sewer（污水渠）and directly to the ocean，” says Jennifer Flower.（第四段第一句）

分析：本句是一个由but连接的并列句。that引导定语从句，修饰先行词Every piece of plastic；once引导条件状语从句。

译文：Jennifer Flower说：“每一片生产出来的塑料会以某种形式存在于环境中，然而当我们随意地丢掉家里的垃圾时，垃圾填埋场和街道的废物会随着风和雨水沿着污水渠直接进入海洋。”

词汇积累：environmentaladj.环境的

consumptionn.消耗

switch to转变成

at the expense of以……为代价

Passage 4

A new study focuses on K2.18 b,an exoplanet (系外行星) discovered in 2015,orbits a red dwarf star close enough to receive about the same amount of radiation from its star as Earth does from our sun.

Previously,scientists have discovered gas giants that have water in their atmospheres,but this is the least giant planet ever to have water detected in its atmosphere.“The water detection was quite clear to us relatively early on,” lead author Bj rn Benneke,a professor at the Institute for Research on Exoplanets at the Université de Montréal,told Space.com in an interview.

Studies have suggested that planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres could host certain forms of life,Benneke said.However,K2-18 b’s large atmosphere is extremely thick and creates high-pressure conditions,which“likely prevents life as we know it from existing on the planet’s surface,”a news release reads.While these researchers found evidence for liquid water clouds on K2-18 b,because of its lack of surface,rain wouldn’t pool on the planet.Without a real surface,so to speak,landing on the planet would also be nearly impossible to land on,especially because the gas is so thick and has such an incredibly high pressure that any Earth-created spacecraft sent there would be destroyed.

Benneke suggests that,possibly,this planet formed by rock absorbing large amounts of gas,“like a vacuum cleaner,” he said.This gas absorbed would have more than doubled the planet and increased its volume eightfold.

To come to these conclusions,the research team analyzed data from Hubble Space Telescope observations that they made between 2016 and 2017 of the K2-18 b planet passing in front of its star eight times.This type of research,Benneke said,is leading toward a final goal of “being able to study real,true earth-like planets”.“We are not quite there yet,” he said,“but this is really exciting.”

28.Why is it impossible to land on the K2-18 b?

A.It has too much water.

B.It is too hot to get close.

C.It is too far from the earth.

D.It doesn’t have a real surface.

29.How does K2-18 b expand according to Benneke?

A.By releasing gas itself.

B.By receiving radiation from the sun.

C.By taking in much gas by rocks.

D.By getting away from the red dwarf star.

30.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A.Scientists have succeeded in exploring K2-18 b completely.

B.It is impossible for humans to land on other earth-like planets.

C.Scientists are making progress in studying real earthlike planets.

D.The K2-18 b planet has passed before its star eight times between 2016 and 2017.

31.What is the text mainly about?

A.The research on the K2-18 b planet.

B.The solar system’s environment.

C.The discovery of the K2-18 b planet.

D.The exploration of the outer space.

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。天文学家发现了一颗叫做K2-18 b(也叫“超级地球”)的系外行星，该行星存在和地球相似的大气环境，科学家称该行星是否满足生命存在的条件还需进一步探究。

28.D细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句中的“Without a real surface,so to speak,landing on the planet would also be nearly impossible to land on”可知，由于K2-18 b没有一个真实的表面，所以不可能登陆。故选 D。

29.C细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第四段“Benneke suggests that,possibly,this planet formed by rock absorbing large amounts of gas,‘like a vacuum cleaner,’he said.This gas absorbed would have more than doubled the planet and increased its volume eightfold.”可知，Benneke认为K2-18 b靠表面的岩石吸收大量气体，增大。故选C。

30.C推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段最后两句“This type of research,Benneke said,is leading toward a final goal of ‘being able to study real,true earth-like planets’.‘We are not quite there yet,’he said,‘but this is really exciting.’”可知，科学家所做的研究正引领他们能够研究真正的类似地球的行星，虽然还没有达到目标，目前的研究上取得的进步也很让人激动了。由此可推知，科学家在研究真正类似地球的行星中正在取得进步。故选C。

31.A主旨大意题。

【解题思路】通读全文并根据第一段中的“A new study focuses on K2-18 b,an exoplanet（系外行星）discovered in 2015”可知，本文主要介绍了科学家们对K2-18 b系外行星的研究。故选A。

【长难句分析】Without a real surface,so to speak,landing on the planet would also be nearly impossible to land on,especially because the gas is so thick and has such an incredibly high pressure that any Earth-created spacecraft sent there would be destroyed.（第三段最后一句）

分析：本句是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句；that引导结果状语从句。

译文：由于这个行星没有一个真正的表面，所以说，要在这个行星上着陆几乎是不可能的，特别是因为其表面的气体太厚，压力太大，任何地球制造发射到那里的宇宙飞船都会被摧毁。

词汇积累：radiationn.辐射

detectv.探测

incrediblyadv.难以置信地

Passage 5

Lego is considering a brick rental scheme in an attempt to cut down on plastic waste.The Danish toymaker has promised to make all its bricks from sustainable (可持续的) sources by 2030 and is searching significant resources into finding alternatives.

Tim Brooks,vice-president responsible for sustainability,said the company was“totally open”to the idea of a product rental scheme but acknowledged that lost pieces could be a significant problem.He said the rental scheme was“possible”but admitted there were some“technical barriers”,one of which is the complexity of some Lego sets,many of which contain thousands of pieces.“What are the chances of giving them to an eight-year-old child and getting them all back again?” Mr.Brooks added.

Lego has come under increasing pressure to reduce its carbon footprint with growing international alarm about the impact of plastic waste on the environment.Lego reportedly gives off around a million tons of carbon dioxide each year,with about three-quarters coming from raw materials that go into factories.It produces 19 billion pieces per year—36 000 a minute—that are made of plastic and much of the inner packaging is also plastic.

So far,the only breakthrough has been the development of a line of bricks made from plant-based plastic sourced from sugarcane (甘蔗).The green trees,plants and flowers were first included in Lego sets late last year but account for only onetwo percent of the total amount of plastic elements produced.

Henrik Ostergaard Nielson,a production administrator in Lego’s factory, told the New York Times last year “We need to learn again how to do this.”The company has invested (投资) more than £100 000 000 and hired 100 people to research non-plastic alternatives.It is aiming to keep all of its packaging reusable by 2025.

32.What is the aim of Lego’s brick rental plan?

A.To cut down on their cost.

B.To reduce plastic waste.

C.To seek alternative resources.

D.To deal with technical barriers.

33.What is Tim Brooks’ attitude towards the toy rental scheme?

A.Negative. B.Confident.

C.Ambiguous. D.Objective.

34.What method is used in the last three paragraphs?

A.Listing data. B.Making comparisons.

C.Giving examples. D.Describing facts.

35.What can we know from the last paragraph?

A.Lego will not make new products after 2025.

B.Lego has already bought non-plastic alternatives.

C.Lego is making efforts for eco-friendly products.

D.Lego’s green technology is relatively backward.

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为减少塑料浪费，Lego公司正考虑采取积木出租计划并开始寻找塑料的可替代品。

32.B细节理解题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第一句“Lego is considering a brick rental scheme in an attempt to cut down on plastic waste.”可知，Lego公司实施这一计划是为了减少塑料浪费。故答案为B。

33.D推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段内容尤其是第二句中的“the rental scheme was‘possible’but admitted there were some‘technical barriers’”可知，Tim Brooks认为出租计划是可行的，但也存在一些技术障碍。由此可推知，他的态度是客观的。故答案为D。

34.A写作手法题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第二句中的“a million tons of”、“three-quarters coming from raw materials”、第三句中的“19 billion pieces per year—36 000 a minute”及倒数第二段第二句中的“only one-two percent of ”以及最后一段第一句中的“invested（投资）more than £100 000 000 and hired 100 people”可知，最后三段均应用了具体的数据。故答案为A。

35.C推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段内容可知，Henrik说：“我们需要再学习如何做到环保。”而且Lego公司已经投资超过1亿英镑，并雇佣了100人来研究非塑料的替代品。公司的目标是在2025年之前使所有的包装材料变得可以重复使用。由此可推知，Lego公司正在为打造环保产品而努力。故答案为C。

【长难句分析】①He said the rental scheme was“possible”but admitted there were some“technical barriers”,one of which is the complexity of some Lego sets,many of which contain thousands of pieces.(第二段第二句)

分析：本句是一个复合句。said和admitted为并列谓语，the rental scheme was “possible”为省略that的宾语从句；there were some“technical barriers”为省略that的宾语从句；one of which is the complexity of some Lego sets是定语从句，修饰先行词some“technical barriers”；many of which contain thousands of pieces是定语从句，修饰先行词some Lego sets。

译文：他表示出租计划是“可行的”，但也承认存在一些“技术障碍”，比如一些乐高套件很复杂，其包含数千件小零件。

②So far,the only breakthrough has been the development of a line of bricks made from plant-based plastic sourced from sugarcane (甘蔗).(第四段第一句)

分析：本句是一个简单句。the only breakthrough为句子主语，has been为谓语，the development of a line of bricks为宾语，而 made from plant-based plastic作定语，修饰a line of bricks，其中sourced from sugarcane（甘蔗）是plant-based plastic的定语，意为“甘蔗提取物制成的植物性塑料积木”。

译文：到目前为止，唯一的突破是开发出了甘蔗提取物制成的植物性塑料积木。

词汇积累：alternativen.供替代的选择

acknowledgev.承认，认可

complexityn.复杂，复杂性

in an attempt to力图，试图，企图

carbon footprint碳排放量

source from资料来源于……

account for占……比例