多管齐下 突破定语从句

河南

定语从句是高中阶段最重要的语法知识之一，也是高考重点考查的语法项目。通过研究近年高考英语全国卷中出现的定语从句，笔者认为定语从句的复习备考应从以下几个方面做起：1.系统梳理定语从句基础知识；2.依托高考试题讲评课，突破定语从句；3.以句子训练为突破口，使定语从句为考生的写作增光添彩。

一、系统梳理定语从句基础知识

（一）定语从句的概念

定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。

先行词：被修饰的名词或代词。

关系词：指代先行词，用来引导定语从句的连接词。

定语从句的位置：通常置于先行词之后。由关系代词as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前、中间或主句之后。

（二）关系词的用法

关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose,as；关系副词：when,where,why。关系词的作用是连接先行词和从句，代替先行词并在从句中充当句子成分。

1.关系代词的用法

（1）关系代词who指代人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：

【例】What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读B篇）

解析：先行词为a great teacher，指人，在从句中作主语。故用关系代词who。

（2）关系代词whom指人，在从句中作宾语或表语。例如：

【例1】The girl (whom) you saw just now is Li Hua.

解析：先行词为The girl，在从句中作宾语。故用关系代词whom，也可省略。

【例2】I helped an old man (whom) I ran into in the street yesterday.

解析：先行词为an old man，指人，在从句中作宾语。故用关系代词whom，也可省略。

（3）关系代词that在从句中既可作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。例如：

【例1】Lucy is the student that often helps her classmates.

解析：先行词为the student，在从句中作主语，指人。故用关系代词that。

【例2】In the cafe,customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that is created for them.（2019年全国卷Ⅲ短文改错）

解析：先行词为the historical environment，指物，在从句中作主语。故用关系代词that。

【例3】It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读C篇）

解析：先行词为a new type of technology，指物，在从句中作宾语。故用关系代词that。

（4）关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：

【例1】If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读A篇）

解析：关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词this program，在从句中作主语。

【例2】Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,which she opened with her late husband Les.（2019年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空）

解析：关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词the pet shop，在从句中作宾语。

（5）关系代词whose表示所属关系，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。例如：

【例1】First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so cool.（2019年全国卷Ⅱ短文改错）

解析：先行词为fireman，关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句，表示所属关系，在从句中作定语，修饰uniform。

【例2】He’s written a book whose name I’ve completely forgotten.

解析：先行词为a book，关系代词whose引导非限制性定语从句，表示所属关系，在从句中作定语修饰name。

※关系代词引导定语从句三注意：

（1）当先行词指人时，在下列情况下宜用who而不用that：当先行词是one,ones,anyone,those,he时。例如：

【例1】Anyone who breaks the rule should be punished.

【例2】Those who were highest in status in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are“most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior”.（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读D篇）

【例3】He who laughs last laughs best.

（2）当先行词指物时，既可以用which，也可用that，但在下列情况下只能用that，而不用which。

①先行词为much,little,none,all,few,everything等不定代词或被其修饰时。例如：

We should do all that is useful to our country.

②先行词被the only,the very,the just,the right修饰时。例如：

The only thing that we have to deal with was to help him out.

③先行词是序数词或被序数词及the last,the next修饰时。例如：

This is the third song that we have learned this term.

④先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。例如：

The most important thing that should be done right now is to decide where we should go.

⑤先行词既有人又有物时。例如：

The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well-known.

⑥如果一个句子中含有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，则另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。例如：

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

（3）关系代词that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如：

【例1】This is the book (which) I bought yesterday.

【例2】I don’t like the novel (that) you mentioned just now.

2.关系副词的用法

（1）关系副词when指时间，代替先行词在从句中作时间状语，先行词通常为time,day,morning,night,week,year等。例如：

【例】There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.（2019年全国卷Ⅱ阅读C篇）

解析：先行词为a time，在从句中作时间状语。故用关系副词when引导定语从句。

（2）关系副词where指地点，代替先行词在从句中作地点状语。例如：

【例】They also had a small pond where they raised fish.（2018年全国卷Ⅰ短文改错）

解析：先行词为a small pond，在从句中作地点状语。故用关系副词where引导定语从句。

（3）关系副词why指原因或理由，代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，它的先行词只有reason。例如：

【例】That is the reason why he didn’t pass the entrance examination.

解析：先行词为 the reason，在从句中作原因状语。故用关系副词why引导定语从句。

（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，先行词指人，只能用关系代词whom；先行词指物，只能用关系代词which。

1.当介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用关系代词which或whom，且不能省略。例如：

【例1】They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom I soon found myself.（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读D篇）

解析：whom指代others，作介词among的宾语。

【例2】Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph,in which an origami (折纸术) artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.（2019年全国卷Ⅲ 阅读A篇）

解析：which指代the play，作介词in的宾语。

2.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。例如：

【例】He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.

3.“介词+关系代词”相当于关系副词。

【例1】这就是我们上中学时学习的地方。

This is the classroom which we studied in during our middle school.

This is the classroom in which we studied during our middle school.

This is the classroom where we studied during our middle school.

【例2】我仍然记得我上小学的那一天。

I still remember the day on which I went to the primary school.

I still remember the day when I went to the primary school.

（四）定语从句与同位语从句、强调句型的区别

定语从句与同位语从句、强调句的区别是教学的难点，也是高三英语复习的重点。教师要通过进行针对性的训练，帮助学生重点掌握以下两点：

1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别：1）引导定语从句时，that为关系代词，在从句中充当成分。引导同位语从句时，that为连接词，只起引导作用不作成分。2）同位语从句解释说明的往往是一些抽象名词，例如news,information,evidence等，而定语从句所修饰的是普通名词。

2.定语从句与强调句型的区别在于把It is/was...that/who去掉后，看句子结构是否完整。如果完整，则为强调句型；如果不完整，则为定语从句。例如：

①It is on Sunday _____ I saw the filmMy people,My country.

②It is Sunday _____ I saw the filmMy people,My country.

解析：把“It is”和空格去掉，①变为“on Sunday I saw the filmMy people,My country”，是一个完整的句子，可判断①为强调句型，故空格处应填that；把“It is”和空格去掉，②变为“Sunday I saw the filmMy people，Mycountry”，不是一个完整的句子，Sunday不能单独作时间状语，因此可判断此句不是强调句型，而是一个定语从句，先行词在从句中作时间状语，故空格处应填when。

二、依托高考试题讲评课，突破定语从句

（一）明确定语从句在阅读理解中的考查重点

高考英语阅读理解常在定语从句所在句或段设置问题，有以下几种设题方式：

1.定语从句是答案判断的依据

【例】32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?（2019年全国卷Ⅰ阅读D篇）

A.Unkind.B.Lonely.

C.Generous.D.Cool.

【原文】During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom I soon found myself.

解析：由题干中的“her early years of elementary school”可将作答信息定位到文章第一段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my high social status.”。分析句子结构可知，其为非限制性定语从句，主句为“I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes”，从句为“which allowed me to keep my high social status”，which指代整个主句“I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes”。由此推知，爱分享玩具和笑话这件事使作者有很高的社会地位，即作者慷慨大方、很受小朋友们欢迎。故选C。

2.答案所在句中含有定语从句

【例】30.What do we know about Mazoleny?（2019年全国卷Ⅱ阅读C篇）

A.He makes videos for the bar.

B.He’s fond of the food at the bar.

C.He interviews customers at the bar.

D.He’s familiar with the barkeeper.

【原文】Just two seats over,Andrew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.“I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said.“It’s a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”

解析：根据题干中的“Mazoleny”可将作答信息定位到文章第四段第二句“He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.”。分析句子结构可知，其为“介词with+关系代词whom”引导的定语从句。whom指代先行词the barkeeper，Mazoleny在bar吃饭时常以first-name与the barkeeper交流。由此可知，Mazoleny和老板很熟悉。此题正是考查考生“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。故选D。

（二）重视对阅读素材中定语从句的精讲精练

从上述高考阅读理解试题中可以看出，高考命题人会有意识地在阅读理解中增加对定语从句的考查。因此，在教授学生阅读理解试题的解题方法与技巧的同时，教师要指导学生对阅读文章中的定语从句进行精练。

【例】25.What does Hill say about Chinese women?（2019年全国卷Ⅲ阅读B篇）

A.They are setting the fashion.

B.They start many fashion campaigns.

C.They admire super models.

D.They do business all over the world.

【原文】“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.

解析：根据题干中的关键信息“Hill”和“Chinese women”可将作答信息定位到文章第四段。根据该段第二句中的“which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement”可知，中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心。由此可知，Hill认为中国女性正在引领时尚。故选A。

在指导学生按照阅读理解各个题型的解题技巧解答相应试题后，教师可以先让学生找出阅读文章中的尤其是与解题相关的含有定语从句的长难句，独立划分句子结构、具体分析并给出译文，然后教师对学生的完成情况进行点评。下面，仍以上述例子进行说明：

【句子结构划分】

【具体分析】该句含有that引导的限制性定语从句和which引导的非限制性定语从句。主句是Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns，关系代词that引导限制性定语从句，指代Chinese models，在从句中作主语；关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话，在从句中作主语。

【译文】中国模特是美丽和时尚活动的代言人，她们向世界各地的女性推销梦想，这意味着中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者——她们是时尚运动的核心。

三、以句子训练为突破口，使定语从句为考生的写作增光添彩

定语从句是高中的重要语法点，若在作文中恰当运用定语从句，一则可以反映出学生对该语法点的掌握情况；二则会成为学生作文中的亮点，为其高考作文加分。为此教师可以指导学生从以下三个方面着手复习：

1.句子翻译训练

研析近年高考英语书面表达可以发现，其注重渗透“中国元素”（见下表），以此提升学生的文化意识，增强学生的“中国文化自信”。为此，教师可以选择一些贴近生活，反映中国文化，与高考要求相吻合的句子让学生进行翻译，一方面帮助学生掌握定语从句的基本用法，一方面渗透“中国元素”，为高考英语书面表达厉兵秣马。

近三年高考英语全国卷书面表达中渗透的中国元素

【例1】我们引以为傲的港珠澳大桥被称为世界上新七大奇迹之一。

译文：Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge which/that we are proud of is called one of the new seven wonders of the world.

解析：先行词为Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge，指物，应用关系代词which/that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语。

【例2】我计划在北京冬奥会开幕的那天坐高铁去北京。

译文：I am planning to go to Beijing by high-speed railway on that day when Beijing Winter Olympic Games opens.

解析：先行词为that day，指时间，应用关系副词when代替先行词，在从句中作时间状语。

2.含有定语从句的常用结构训练

在日常教学中，教师应有意识地引导学生总结并熟练掌握一些含有定语从句的常用结构，为学生今后写作不同类型的作文打下坚实的基础。

（1）The reason why...is that...

【例】我给你写信的原因是我想申请你在网络上刊登的职位。

The reason why I am writing to you is that I want to apply for the job which is advertised on the Internet.

（2）...,which makes it possible for sb.to do sth./...,which is beneficial/vital for sb.to do sth.

【例】我参加过几次相关的活动，这使我能够把这个工作做好。

I have participated several related activities,which will make it possible for me to do a good job.

（3）介词+关系代词：in/from/during/...which...；with/to/among/...whom...

【例】我建议你学习中国汉语言文学，从中你可以更好地了解中国和中国人民。

I recommend you to learn Chinese language and literature,from which you will have a better understanding of China and Chinese people.

3.写作训练

无论是对定语从句的翻译进行训练，还是对含有定语从句的常用句型结构进行训练，其终极目标都是帮助学生可以恰到好处地将定语从句应用于写作中，为其作文增色添彩。为此，教师可以根据高考书面表达的命题设计合适的书面表达，供学生实战演练。

【例】假定你是李华，想邀请目前在你校学习的美国好友Jim参观在你校举行的主题为“我和我的祖国”的书法(calligraphy)和绘画展，请用英语给他写封电子邮件，内容包括：

1.展览时间、地点；

2.展览内容。注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Jim,

The reason why I am writing to you is that I would like to invite you to attend the calligraphy and painting exhibition in our school on Saturday.Here is the detailed information.

The exhibition will be held on our playground,which will last from 9:00 a.m.to 5:00 p.m.The theme of the exhibition isMy people,My Country.Some paintings and calligraphy works will be on display,from which you will be impressed by the rapid and great development of China in the last few decades.Some famous artists will be invited to teach the participants how to write with a Chinese brush.I think this is such a good chance that it shouldn’t be missed.

Looking forward to your early reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

基于上述梳理，笔者建议教师指导学生：认真研究高考试题，准确把握考点和重点，精准复习、科学备考；适当增加对含有定语从句的长难句的分析，促进对句意的正确理解。通过翻译、句型练习及作文训练，培养英语思维习惯及语言输出能力，进而提升考生的综合能力，帮助其在高考中取得理想的成绩。