依托考纲，回归教材，结合真题，构建网络——浅谈高考英语语法一轮复习策略

贵州 谢尚海

高考英语所有题型都涉及基础语法知识的运用，尤其是语法填空题和短文改错题，均直接考查词法和句法。因此，在英语一轮复习备考中，语法的复习至关重要。众所周知，高考命题依托考纲，源于教材又高于教材。实践表明，学生要想考出理想的成绩，决不能放松对教材的全面研读，只有认真研读教材，做好充分的准备，在高考时才能得心应手，游刃有余。因此，在一轮复习备考中，在明晰复习侧重点后，教师应依托考纲，回归教材，指导学生“读课文，抓基础，做真题”，对于重点知识和主干知识，必须精抓实干，举一反三，做到真真正正吃透教材，扎扎实实打好基础。下面，笔者结合人教版教材和近年高考英语语法填空题及短文改错题进行说明，以期更好地助力一轮复习备考。

一、研读考纲，梳理教材，明晰复习侧重点

教师要研读考纲，梳理教材，明晰高考英语语法一轮复习侧重点，带领学生全面且有所侧重地复习语法知识。下表为笔者综合考纲及教材进行的相关梳理，供广大教师作为参考。

二、吃透教材，链接高考，重点知识样样清

在明晰了高考英语语法一轮复习的侧重点后，教师可以通过引导学生吃透教材，并链接高考的方法，帮助学生准确理解并熟练运用重点知识。教师可以让学生按单元自主通读课文，认真逐词逐句体会，以透彻理解过去学习中没有弄懂的或者容易混淆的内容。在学生通读课文后，教师要答疑解惑。与此同时，针对每一单元的重点语法知识，教师要链接高考真题，并进行归纳总结，以达到强化训练和熟悉高考的双重目的。

（一）词法的考查

1.时态

（1）一般现在时

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Reading）There are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•短文改错）Though it may appear simple,it required（required 改 为requires）a lot of ideas and efforts.

点拨：一般现在时为常见考点，在复习时教师要让学生重点注意三个方面：表示客观事实或普遍真理；表示经常性的动作；在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。

（2）一般过去时

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 5 Music Reading）Then they produced their own records and started touring and playing their own music.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空65 题）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended（recommend）wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.

点拨：当and,but,or,so 等并列连词连接并列谓语时，要特别注意时态保持一致。

（3）现在完成时

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 3 Computers Reading）Over time my memory has developed so much that,like an elephant,I never forget anything I have been told!

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅱ•语法填空66 题）I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made (make) over the years.

点拨：现在完成时也是高频考点之一。在复习过程中，教师要让学生明晰现在完成时的基本用法，主要辨别“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”，尤其让学生熟记与现在完成时连用的常见标志词，如：recently/lately（也可同一般过去时连用）,since,ever since,in the past ten/few years,over time,over the years 等。

2.非谓语动词

【教材典例】（Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists Reading and Writing）The Christian Church rejected his theory,saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空70 题）...we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

（2019 •全国卷Ⅱ•语法填空65 题）...she had no plans to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business.

（2019 •全国卷Ⅱ•语法填空68 题）When we got a call saying (say) she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.

（2019 •全国卷Ⅰ•语法填空67 题）Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements,...

点拨：非谓语动词是常考点和难点，在复习过程中，教师要让学生把握关键：动词-ing 形式表示主动与进行，动词-ed形式表示被动与完成，动词-to do形式表示将来（或动作没有发生）。此外，切勿忽视有关非谓语动词的其他语法知识：动词-ing 形式作伴随状语和动词-ing 形式作介词宾语、“be+动词-ed 形式+介词”结构位于句首作状语时省略be 动词、with+n.+v.-ing/v.-ed/v.-to do 复合结构、固定结构（如be busy doing sth.,look forward to doing sth.等）、只跟v.-ing 形式作宾语的动词和只跟v.-to do 形式作宾语的动词归纳等。

3.副词

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world Reading and Writing）They got married secretly,and they were very happy.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅰ•语法填空62 题）It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied;...

（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空68 题）They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely(huge) popular with tourists.

点拨：副词修饰动词、形容词、副词、句子等，是副词的基本用法，也是高考常考点。在日常教学中，教师要指导学生熟练掌握副词的基本用法，还要引导学生有意识地注意形容词和副词之间的相互转化，特别是要让学生牢记常见的高频副词。

4.形容词

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 3 Travel journal Using Language）However,the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•短文改错）What I want is not just an ordinarily (ordinarily 改为ordinary) cafe but a very special one.

（2019 •全国卷Ⅱ•短文改错）First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly（coolly 改为cool）.

点拨：形容词修饰名词作定语（前置定语或后置定语），位于连系动词之后作表语，是形容词的基本用法，也是高考常考点。在日常教学中，教师不仅要指导学生熟练掌握形容词的基本用法，还要引导学生有意识地注意形容词和副词之间的相互转化，特别是要让学生牢记常见的高频形容词。

5.构词法

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 4 Earthquakes Using Language）We are pleased to tell you that you have won the high school speaking competition about new Tangshan.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空66 题）...,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch,together with the story behind it.

（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空67 题）They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.

点拨：词性和词形的转化是针对构词法最基础的考查。教师应让学生熟记以-tion,-sion,-ful,-al,-ment,-ure,-ist 等结尾的词，以及其他特殊的变化形式，这对学生的一轮复习备考大有裨益。

（二）句法的考查

1.固定句式和用法

（1）so...that...

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars Using Language）It was so hard that we could not say anything to each other.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空61 题）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering ...

点拨：so...that...（如此……以致……）这个结构中，so 是副词，修饰形容词或者副词，that 引导结果状语从句。大部分学生都能够掌握这个句式，但也有部分学生可能会将其与such...that...结构混淆。因此，复习到这里时，教师应该引导学生对这两个结构进行比对。such...that 作“如此……以致……”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句，such 后边跟名词（这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带）。比如：She is such a clever girl that everybody in our class likes her.又如：They are such interesting stories that I wish to read them again.（such后面跟复数名词，则不用冠词）英语中还有许多其他的学生极易混淆的固定句式和用法，在高三英语一轮复习中，教师要引导学生全面梳理、巧妙辨析这些易混淆的固定句式和用法，避免学生雾里看花。

（2）be+adj.+that/to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 1 Friendship Reading）Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you,or would not understand what you are going through?

【高考链接】（2018 •全国卷Ⅲ•短文改错）I was afraid that（去 掉that）to speak in front of a large group of people.

点拨：be+adj.+that.../be+adj.+to do sth.是常见的基本结构。比如：be sure that.../ to do sth.,be happy that.../ to do sth.,be glad that.../ to do...等。如果形容词后面是句子，则需要that，教师要引导学生仔细分辨。

（3）it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Learning about Language Exercise 3）It didn’t take her long to reach the standard for entering the Olympic Games.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空62 题）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get (get) there.

点拨：it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.意为“某人花了多少时间做某事”。在这个结构中，it 是形式主语，指代后面的动词不定式，动词不定式才是真正的主语。在学习过程中，有些结构经常考，如“find/make/believe it +adj.+to do sth.”，属于考查热点；有些结构不常考，如“it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.”，属于考查冷点，但是在高考中还是偶有考查。因此，在一轮复习中，教师应提醒学生不仅要关注考查热点，还应关注考查冷点。

2.定语从句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land Reading）One dream is not always enough,especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅲ•语法填空64 题）They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.

（2019 • 全 国 卷Ⅱ• 语 法 填 空62 题）Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,which she opened with her late husband Les.

点拨：当先行词为物时，定语从句用that/which 引导，在非限制性定语从句中，不用that 用which；先行词为人且作主语时，定语从句通常用who 引导。不论是限制性还是非限制性定语从句，教材中都有很多例子。位列三大从句之首的定语从句属于高频考点，在考查时，可能会涉及不同的关系词，比如：that,which,where,when 等。因此，在一轮复习时，限制性和非限制性定语从句学生都要重点复习，通过教材这一载体以及教师精选的练习，学生可以熟练、系统地掌握其基本用法。

3.同位语从句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics Reading）There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Königsberg,which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea.

【高考链接】（2019 •全国卷Ⅰ•语法填空61 题）While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

点拨：同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，这样的名词为数不多，如：news,fact,idea,desire,suggestion,promise,information,doubt,evidence,report,truth,order,hope,thought 等。在一轮复习时，教师应提醒学生注意：（1）引导词主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when 等；（2）that 和whether 不充当句子成分；（3）if不能引导同位语从句；（4）引导同位语从句的连词一般不能省略。

三、提纲挈领，抽丝剥茧，构建知识网络图

在明晰了高考英语语法一轮复习的侧重点并指导学生精准复习备考后，教师要指导学生“温故而知新”。思维导图具有发散性、联想性、条理性和趣味性的特点，这有助于学生将大脑中零散的知识点连成线、聚成片。因此，教师可以指导学生构建高考英语语法一轮复习的高频考点思维导图，以帮助学生厘清思路，强化记忆，灵活应用。

总之，在一轮复习备考中，教师只有深挖教材，明晰高考必备语法知识以及一轮复习的侧重点，结合高考真题，从“词法”和“句法”两方面入手，将教材中的语言知识和高频考点讲透讲活，并利用思维导图，帮助学生构建“常见高频考点知识网络图”，激发学生的学习兴趣，才能提高语法复习备考的实效性，最终完胜高考。