名词性从句常考易混点梳理

2019-01-10 11:40山东李秀萍
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年6期
关键词:同位语连接词省略

山东 李秀萍

名词性从句(Noun Clauses)不仅是高考英语语法填空题和短文改错题的考查重点,也是部分自主命题的省市卷中单项填空题型的考查重点,同时还是书面表达中常使用的高级句型。因此,掌握名词性从句的用法对于学生备战高考至关重要。

一、名词性从句概述

名词性从句是具有名词作用的从句,其功能相当于名词词组。它在复合句中可担任主语、宾语、表语或同位语,因此,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

二、引导名词性从句的常用连接词及其功能

1.连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,whose 等,有意义,在从句中充当成分,如主语、表语、宾语或定语等,不能省略。

2.连接副词:when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 等,有意义,在从句中充当状语,不能省略。

3.连接词 :that,whether,if,as if (though)等,that 无意义,在从句中不充当成分,引导宾语从句时常可省略,引导其他名词性从句时不能省略;if/whether,as if (though)有意义,但在从句中不充当成分。

三、名词性从句常考易混点梳理及解题方法

(一)what 与that 的区别

what:有意义,可代指事物、地点或人。what 代指“所……的事/物”时,相当于“the thing(s)+that/ which定语从句”;what 代指“……的地点”时,相当于“the place(s)+that/which 定语从句”;what 代指“……的人”时,相当于“the person(s)+that/who(m) 定语从句”。在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语或定语等成分,不能省略。

that:无意义,在从句中不充当成分,只在引导宾语从句时可省略,引导其他名词性从句时不能省略。

【例1】(2018 •北京卷,单项填空,15,改编)This is_______my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.

解析:what。此句考查表语从句,从句中taught me后缺少直接宾语,故用连接代词what 引导,相当于“the thing that/ which”。

【例2】I lived in what you call“Ancient Greece”...(人教版Book 2,Unit 2)

解析:what 引导介词in 的宾语从句,充当call 的宾语,有意义,不能省略,相当于“the place+that/ which定语从句”。

【例3】(2019 •全国卷Ⅰ,语法填空,61)While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence_______they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

解析:that。此句考查同位语从句,解释evidence 的具体内容,从句中不缺少成分,意义完整,故填连接词that,无具体意义,但不可省略。

【例4】(2015 •北京卷,单项填空,33,改编)I truly believe______beauty comes from within.

解析:that。此句考查宾语从句,从句中不缺少成分,意义完整,故填连接词that,无意义,可以省略。

(二)用it 作形式主语和形式宾语时含有that 从句常用的搭配

1.用it 作形式主语时,含有that 主语从句的句型有以下4 种常见搭配:

(1)It+be+形容词(beneficial,obvious,true,natural,possible,likely,certain,etc.)+that 从句

【例1】(2018 • 11 月浙江卷,63)It is possible that caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans,too.

(2)It+be+名词/名词词组(a common sense,an honor,no wonder,a fact,no surprise,the case,etc.)+that 从句

【例2】(2016 •江苏卷,21)It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.

(3)It+be+过去分词(announced,arranged,expected,known,said,reported,thought,etc.)+that 从句

【例3】It is reported that next Winter Olympics will be held in China.

(4)It+不及物动词/ 动词短语(appears,seems,happens,matters,occurred to sb.,turned out,etc.)+that 从句

【例4】It happens that I was at home when you phoned me.

2.用it 作形式宾语时,含有that 宾语从句的句型有以下3 种常见搭配:

(1)动词+it+形容词 +宾语从句

常用于这种结构的动词:believe,consider,find,feel,make,suppose,think 等;常用于这种结构的形容词:possible,impossible,correct,proper,right 等。

【例5】Their timely help makes it possible that we can complete our task as planned.

(2)动词+it+名词/名词词组+宾语从句

常用于这种结构的动词:believe,consider,find,feel,make,suppose,think 等;常用于这种结构的名词/名词词组:a pity,one’s honor/duty,a waste of time/money,no use 等。

【例6】He found it a pity that he hadn’t persuaded his father to quit smoking.

(3)含介词的动词短语+it+that 从句

常用于这种结构的动词短语:see to it that...(务必,保证做到);rely/depend on it that...(指望,相信)等。

【例7】You can’t rely on it that he can arrive here on time.

(三)不能省略that 的宾语从句

that 引导宾语从句时大多数情况下都可以省略,但在以下情况中,that 不能省略。

1.and 连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第一个宾语从句的连接词that 可以省略,其余宾语从句前的that 不能省略。

【例1】I think (that) women are as equal as men and that they can also reach high achievement in many fields of science.

2.that引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时,that不能省略。例如:except that(除了……之外),in that(因为),but that(要不是)。

【例2】Your composition is excellent except that there are a few spelling mistakes.

【例3】He would have helped us,but that he was short of money at that time.

3.主句的谓语动词与that 引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时,that 不能省略。

【例4】The manager decided,in consideration of her improper words,that he would dismiss her.

4.that 引导的宾语从句提到句首时,that 不能省略。

【例5】That he has ever done such a great thing I simply can’t believe.

5.宾语从句的主语是代词that 时,连接词that 不能省略。

【例6】He argued that that was a rewarding deed.

(四)whether 和if 引导名词性从句的区别

whether 和if 都是“是否”的意思,引导宾语从句时,两者基本相同。但在以下几种情况下只用whether:

1.引导主语从句且置于句首时,只用whether。

【例1】Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.

2.引导表语从句和同位语从句时,只用whether。

【例2】The question is whether they have so much money.(表语从句)

【例3】We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can finish it as scheduled.(同位语从句)

3.作介词宾语时,一般用whether。

【例4】It all depends on whether they will return on time.

4.从句中有or not 时,只用whether。

【例5】I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.

5.whether 可与动词不定式连用,但if 不能。

【例6】I have not decided whether to go or not.

6.宾语从句前置时,用whether 不用if。

【例7】Whether he still lives there,I wonder.

注:whether 可引导一个让步状语从句,表示“不管”“无论”,而if 不能。

【例8】Whether he comes or not,we will begin our party on time.

(五)主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况

1.It is+done(announced,arranged,expected,known,said,reported,thought,etc.)+that 从句结构中的主语从句不可提前。

【例1】It is said that President Smith will visit our city next week.

2.It+不及物动词/ 动词短语(appears,seems,happens,matters,occurred to sb.,turned out,etc.)+that 从句结构中的主语从句不可提前。

【例2】It occurred to him that he had met him before.

3.It doesn’t matter how/whether/ ...结构中的主语从句不可提前。

【例3】It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

4.含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。

【例4】Is it likely that it is going to rain in the evening?

5.if 引导的主语从句不可提前。

【例5】It is not clear to me if she likes the present.

(六)who 与whoever、what 与whatever 引导的名词性从句辨析

1.who 与whoever 引导的名词性从句辨析

who 常保留本身疑问的含义,即“谁”,属于特指,整个从句侧重指整体的事件。

whoever 本身疑问语气较轻,意为“无论谁/任何人,都……”,相当于“anyone who”,属于泛指,整个从句侧重指人。

【例1】(2018 •天津卷,单项填空,9,改编)The gold medal will be awarded to_______ wins the first place in the bicycle race.

解析:whoever。本题考查介词“to”的宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,设空处表示“任何人”,相当于“anyone who”,表泛指。句意:这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一的选手。

2.what 与whatever 引导的名词性从句辨析

what 常保留本身疑问的含义,即“什么”,也可以代指说话者心目中的“具体事或物”,属于特指,整个从句侧重指整体的事件。

whatever 本身疑问语气较轻,意为“无论什么事或物/任何事或物,都……”,相当于“the thing(s)+that/which”,属于泛指,整个从句侧重whatever 指的事物。

【例2】(2016 •北京卷,单项填空,24,改编)Your support is important to our work._____ you can do helps.

解析:Whatever。本题考查主语从句“_______ you can do”,从句中“do”缺少宾语,设空处表示“任何事情”,相当于“anything that”,表泛指。句意:你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有帮助。

(七)同位语从句的概述以及同位语从句和定语从句的区别

1.同位语从句

同位语就是用来说明或解释前面的抽象名词的具体内容的句子成分。如果充当同位语的是个句子,则这个句子就叫同位语从句。抽象名词(词组)advice,belief,chance,conclusion,demand,evidence,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,promise,reply,request,suggestion,thought,truth,wish,word,no doubt 等后面一般用连接词that 引导同位语从句,that 在从句中不充当句子成分,没有意义,但不能省略;doubt,problem,puzzle,question,no idea 等表示含有疑问的抽象名词或词语后一般用wh-结构的连接词或whether 引导同位语从句。

【例1】The news that we won the game is exciting.

【例2】I have no idea when he will come back home.

2.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

几乎任何一个名词都可以用定语从句修饰,而只有在内容方面需要进一步阐明的一些抽象名词才需要使用同位语从句。

(1)that引导同位语从句时,只起到连接作用,无意义,在从句中不充当成分,但不可以省略;引导定语从句时在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,有意义,作宾语时可以省略。

【例3】(2019 •江苏卷,单项填空,25,改编)Scientists have obtained more evidence plastic is finding its way into the human body.

解析:that。that 引导evidence 为先行词的同位语从句,在从句中不充当成分,无意义,不可以省略。

【例4】(2017 •北京卷,单项填空,31,改编)The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

解析:that。that 引导problems 为先行词的定语从句,在从句中作meet 的宾语,有意义,可以省略。

(2)同位语从句与名词是平行关系,两者常可以转述为主表关系,定语从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰关系,也就是从属关系。

【例5】(2016 •天津卷,单项填空,11,改编)The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.

解析:that。that 引导suggestion 的同位语从句,在从句中不充当成分,无意义,不可以省略。该从句可转述为“The manager put forward a suggestion.The suggestion is that we should have an assistant.There...”。

【例6】The manager put forward a suggestion_______is available.

解析:that。that 引导suggestion 的定语从句,在从句中充当主语,有意义,不可以省略。

(3)when,where,why 既可以引导定语从句,又可以引导同位语从句。其共同之处是这些连接副词在两种从句中都可以充当状语。不同之处是其引导定语从句时,句中有其相应的先行词,而引导同位语从句时,没有相应的先行词。在引导定语从句时,when,where,why可以改为“介词+关系代词which”,而引导同位语从句时,则不能这样改;how 不可以引导定语从句,但可以引导同位语从句。

【例7】(2016 •全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,65 I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

解析:when。此处考查定语从句,修饰前面的先行词the mid-1980s,且从句中缺少时间状语,故用when 引导该定语从句,相当于“in which”。

【例8】He raised a question when they could get adequate assistance.

解析:when 引导question的同位语从句,解释question 的具体内容,不能替换成in/on which。

对于考查从句的题目,教师在平日指导学生备考中,要多训练学生解题的步骤:第一步要领会并掌握名词性从句的基本概念和用法;第二步要学会根据复合句的句意和成分判断其中含有哪种从句,并能准确地界定出名词性从句;第三步要通过分析从句的句子成分,确定正确的连接词。

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