学好with结构,既增分又添彩

2019-01-10 12:17新疆
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年2期
关键词:语法结构添彩书面

新疆

with复合结构是高中英语学习中一种常见的语法结构,在人教版高中教材里其复现率很高。教师怎样指导学生把这种高级表达方式学会、学好,进而应用到高考英语书面表达中,丰富学生的作文,使学生的文章靓起来、美起来呢?

赏读课本中的with结构美句,提升对它的感性认识

(一)无处不在的with结构(以人教版高中教材为例)

必修一(Unit 1)Mother asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on.

必修二(Unit 4)After a while she saw some zebra with black and white lines going beneath their stomachs.

必修三(Unit 3)Oh,please remember that if we ask for too much we may get no salary at all;and then what’ll happen to us,with no way in the world to earn a living?

必修四(Unit 3)The reporter showed many noodle trees with the farmers pulling noodles off them and putting them into baskets.

必修五(Unit 1)He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.

选修六(Unit 2)With so many different forms of poetry to choose from,students may eventually want to write poems of their own.

选修七(Unit 3)I’m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand and reflecting on the day—a day of pure magic!

选修八(Unit 2)Diversity in a group means having animals with their genes arranged in different ways.

(二)精彩纷呈的语言魅力

从上面例句中,我们可以看出with复合结构在书面语中是一种常用的语法结构,也是一种极为多彩多姿的句型。运用with复合结构,会使一幅幅生动的画面展现在我们面前——结构丰富、词汇优美的佳句美文,让我们从不同的角度感受英语语言的魅力无限:

首先,展现简洁之美。语言的美,不是体现在词有多难,句型有多复杂,恰恰是简洁使得with结构微妙无比和韵味无穷!

其次,体现清新之美。在写作时,若学生可以恰当地使用with句式,会给作文增加不一样的新鲜感,读起来让人眼前一亮,也会给阅卷老师带来不一样的体验。

第三,体现生动形象之美。with结构的形式非常灵活,其表达的意思多种多样。学生学习并掌握它,可以使作文信息的描述更为生动,行文不枯燥、不平淡。

学习with结构的基本用法,增加对它的理性了解

一般来说,with结构在句中通常作状语,可位于句首或句尾,常作时间、原因、方式和伴随状语。with复合结构的基本构成方式:

(1)“with+n./pron.+v.-ing”在这一结构中的现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作。例如:

Meanwhile,with the price of gold going up,South Africa’s economy was good.

With winter coming on,it’s time to buy warm clothes.

(2)“with+n./pron.+v.-ed.”在这一结构中的过去分词表示被动或已经完成的动作。例如:

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.

She could not leave with her painful duty unfinished.

(3)“with+n./pron.+to do”在这一结构中的不定式表示将要发生的动作。例如:

With five minutes to go before the last train left,we arrived at St.Pancras.

I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash.

(4)“with+n./pron.+prep.phrase”在这一结构中的介词短语表示状态或说明情况。例如:

His wife came down the stairs,with her2-year-old son in her arms.

He was asleep with his head on his arms.

(5)“with+n./pron. + adj.”在这一结构中的形容词常表示状态。

Sentences today range from5or6words to70,with the majority not far more than20.

He used to sleep with all the windows open.

(6)“with+n./pron. + adv.”在这一结构中的副词常表示情况或状态。

With John away,we’ve got more room.

One family lived in a house with tall trees all round.

(7)with复合结构除了作状语,还可以作后置定语。如:

Do you know the woman with a baby in her arms?

She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.

品鉴高考试题中的with结构,让它为我们增分添彩

(一)巧用高考试题,学习在“语法填空”中是如何考查with结构的

(1)(2018年全国卷Ⅲ,改编)With his message delivered,he allowed me to stay and watch.

(2)(2018年全国卷 Ⅱ, 改编)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—with the government starting a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by7.7million tons.

(3)(2017年全国卷Ⅰ, 改编)With fat and salt removed from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.

从上述例句中我们可以看出,with复合结构的用法灵活且复杂,复合结构中的名词/代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式构成宾语与宾语补足语的关系,但在逻辑上构成主谓关系,教师在指导学生复习时要尤其注意这一点。如:

With my homework finished(= After I finished my homework 作业被完成后),I went fishing with my father.

In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.(=while your feet are pointing at another person.)

(二)巧借他山之石,掌握with结构在作文中的妙用

1.近年高考范文及高分作文中的with结构

(1)(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)With a wide range of sports facilities in our school,students enjoy all kinds of sports.

(2)(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)In addition,it’s better to arrive early with some appropriate gifts in hand.

(3)(2017 年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)For example,at first,the new players are required to play table tennis for one hour every day with the skilled players instructing.

(4)(2018年北京卷书面表达第二节)Soon the tea room became lively with every international student trying to make their own tea.

以上作文都使用了with结构,这不仅使句子表达规范、准确、清晰,而且语言流畅、生动、简洁,大大提升了文章的档次,给文章增色不少。

这些句子再次使我们感受到了with结构的重要性,它是作文中的亮点句式,是阅卷老师的给分点之一。

2.让with结构为作文增分添彩

高考英语书面表达评分标准中的第五档要求:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇,语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。with结构在作文中的运用,突破了使用简单句所带来的单调乏味,使文章生动活泼、结构紧凑,同时也能彰显出学生的英语写作水平。

各种长句在作文中的运用固然带来了复杂结构,但考场上时间毕竟有限,在有限的时间里,学生怎样才能写出连贯并可提升档次的作文呢?笔者认为with结构的使用,不但可以表达相对多的信息,使文章表述更为精确,结构更为紧凑,句子更为简洁明了且生动形象,更提升了学生的作文档次。

在平常的教学中,教师可以通过以下方式来培养学生对with结构的应用能力:

第一,当学生想表达含有“随着……”的含义时,教师要引导学生有意识地选择with复合结构,如:Nowadays,most farmers use artificial chemical products on their farms.With time passing by,the chemicals accumulate and enter the deep soil,polluting the ground water,which will serve as our drinking water.(现在,大多数农民在他们的农场里使用人造化学产品。随着时间的推移,化学物质积累并进入深层土壤,污染地下水,而地下水将成为我们的饮用水。)

第二,当学生想表达“如果……”时,教师要提醒学生有意识地使用 with 复合结构,如:What’s more,with time and weather permitting,I will enjoy jogging or playing basketball with my classmates on the playground,tired but happy.(更重要的是,如果时间和天气允许的话,我会慢跑或与我的同学在操场上打篮球,虽然累但很高兴。)

第三,当学生想用动词、形容词、副词或介词短语作状语,而又要带上逻辑主语时,教师要告诉学生有意识地使用 with 复合结构,如:John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.(约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了,他就欣然接受了邀请。)

如此,在高考书面表达训练中,教师不仅仅要指导学生把考题要求的意思表达清楚,更要指导学生通过灵活使用一些高级句式,让学生的文章出文采、靓起来。with复合结构在作文中的恰当应用,会起到很好的增分添彩的作用。

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