程怡安 谭诗云 李明
[摘要] 炎症性肠病(IBD)是一类累及肠道的慢性炎症性疾病,现有的研究认为环境、遗传、免疫、感染等多种因素可能参与其发病机制。幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)是人类最普遍的病原体之一,与多种胃内外疾病有关。近些年,较多的数据显示两者之间存在一定的负相关性,研究发现这种关联可能与H.pylori的免疫调节特性或其他混杂因素如抗生素、柳氮磺胺嘧啶等药物及环境因素有关。此外,有文献报道了H.pylori根除之后新发IBD的病例,并提出根除H.pylori可能通过影响Th1和Th2免疫应答之间的平衡而触发克罗恩病。本文针对H.pylori与IBD的关系、机制以及H.pylori根治后IBD的发展作一综述。
[关键词] 幽门螺杆菌;炎症性肠病;相关性;免疫
[中图分类号] R574 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)07(c)-0027-04
The research progress of association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammatory bowel disease
CHENG Yi′an TAN Shiyun LI Ming
Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting intestinal tract. Existing researches suggest that environment, genetics, immunity and infection may be involved in its pathogenesis. Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a common human pathogen, which is associated with a variety of gastric and extra-gastric diseases. In recent years, a lot of data show a negative correlation between them, and studies find that this association may be related to the immune regulation characteristics of H.pylori or other confounding factors such as antibiotics, sulfasalazine and environment. In addition, there are cases of newly diagnosed IBD after the eradication of H.pylori and it may trigger Crohn disease by affecting the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response. The association between H.pylori and IBD as well as the mechanism are disscussed in this paper, and the article also reviews the development of IBD after the eradication of H.pylori.
[Key words] Helicobacter pylori; Inflammatory bowel disease; Association; Immune
炎癥性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一类累及肠道的具有终生复发倾向的慢性炎症性疾病,克罗恩病(Crohn disease,CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是其主要疾病类型。IBD与环境(包括空气污染、吸烟、饮食、药物、手术等)[1]、遗传、免疫、感染等多种因素有关,但具体病因尚不清楚。幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)属于革兰阴性、微需氧杆菌,与人类共存已超过5万年,它是全球最普遍的病原体之一,在人群中感染率超过50%[2],并与多种胃内外疾病相关。研究[3-10]表明,H.pylori感染与IBD之间存在负相关性,然而造成这种关联的机制还未完全明确。本文针对H.pylori与IBD的关系、潜在机制以及H.pylori根治对IBD发展的影响进行一概述,以期对IBD的病因及两者的关系有一个更全面更深入的认识。
1 H.pylori与IBD的关系
自1994年El-Omar等[3]通过血清学检验首次发现H.pylori感染和IBD的负相关性后,各国学者进行了相关研究:早期的研究多是在欧洲人群中进行的,其中大多都显示与对照组相比,IBD患者H.pylori感染率较低[4-5];近些年几项研究[6-7]证实了亚洲人群中的相同趋势;此外,Roka 等[8]对儿童IBD患者的研究也显示,IBD组患儿的H.pylori相关性胃炎的患病率低于非IBD组,且差异有统计学意义(3.8% vs. 13.2%,P < 0.001);Castano-Rodriguez等[9]通过分层分析发现排除种族、年龄、H.pylori检测方法等参数的影响,H.pylori感染与IBD仍呈负相关性。
近来的荟萃分析也探讨了两者的关系:Rokkas等[10]分析了33项符合条件的研究,结果显示IBD患者H.pylori感染率为26.5%,而对照组H.pylori阳性率为44.7%。迄今为止最全面的一项荟萃分析[9]中,包含了全球17个国家的40项研究的数据,包括6130名IBD患者和74 659名非IBD对照者,总体分析显示了H.pylori阳性和IBD之间的负相关性,风险比为0.43;同时,研究者针对IBD的3种分型进行了单独分析,结果显示这种负相关在CD和未分类的IBD患者中较UC患者更显著;按年龄分层(以16岁为界)分析显示,IBD患儿的H.pylori感染风险较成年IBD患者更低;而种族分层分析表明,东方人群风险比低于西方人群。
此外,流行病学[11]显示,IBD在西方国家及亚洲地区的发病率逐年上升。相反的,H.pylori感染率却有所下降,尤其在工业化国家及西方化国家中更为明显[12]。这种H.pylori与IBD的反向流行趋势恰好与上述研究结果一致。
2 H.pylori与IBD负相关的可能机制
2.1免疫机制
2.1.1 H.pylori可局限炎症反应 Higgins等[13]的研究发现,小鼠在合并感染鼠伤寒沙门菌和H.pylori后,H.pylori可以减轻由沙门菌感染引起的盲肠炎症。这与合并感染的小鼠肠系膜淋巴结中白细胞介素10(IL-10)的水平升高及沙门菌相关的特异性Th17应答受抑制有关。Wu等[14]的实验证实H.pylori感染能够下调肠黏膜上皮细胞DC-SIGN的表达,从而减轻后者介导的促炎作用和肠道黏膜损伤。此外,H.pylori对结肠炎的保护作用还可归因于H.pylori DNA,研究[15]显示H.pylori DNA中存在高比例的免疫调节/免疫刺激序列,且能够下调树突细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)产生的IFN-1和IL-12。
最近的一项实验研究[16]表明,活H.pylori感染及H.pylori提取物均可减轻T细胞转移模型及葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠慢性结肠炎的临床症状和组织病理学特征,这种保护作用来自于MUC2基因表达的上调,进而在肠道形成厚的肠黏蛋白MUC2黏液层来保护肠道上皮细胞。作者还指出,NLRP3炎性体的活化和IL-18的信号传导在控制炎性反应中起关键作用,并且它们可能与黏液的产生存在一定的联系。
另外,H.pylori相关产物也可改善肠道慢性炎症:它分泌的中性粒细胞活化蛋白已被证实可以通过调节Toll样受体及增加IL-10的产生来减少炎性反应[17];H.pylori过氧化氢酶可以缓解UC严重程度,其在减轻炎性细胞浸润的同时,也可减少炎性因子的表达[18]。
2.1.2 H.pylori可诱导免疫耐受 一些研究[19-22]强调了TLR2信号在H.pylori对IBD保护作用中的重要性:H.pylori可以表达TLR2配体,它能够支配细菌与DCs及其他免疫细胞的相互作用,因此,H.pylori可以通过TLR2信号传导抑制DCs的激活,促进其向抗原耐受方向分化,致耐受性DCs可进一步诱导幼稚T细胞向Foxp3+调节T细胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)转化,从而减少炎症因子的释放。同时,Tregs可以抑制超敏T细胞反应和自身免疫反应,介导外周免疫耐受[23],这正好也利于H.pylori在宿主体内的维持定植[24]。
2.1.3 H.pylori抗体具有交叉免疫特性 有学者[9]提出了另一种可能的机制,即胃肠道在感染H.pylori后产生的针对H.pylori的特异性抗体可能在随后宿主感染弯曲杆菌或其他螺杆菌时发挥一定的免疫保护作用,进而抑制这些细菌介导的肠道免疫反应,减轻肠道损伤,这提示这些细菌之间具有的抗原交叉反应性。
2.2 药物影响
2.2.1 抗生素 一項在韩国的多中心研究[25]表明,目前或过去使用抗生素(甲硝唑和环丙沙星)超过1周可以降低IBD患者的H.pylori感染率,并且该研究还发现CD患者的H.pylori感染率明显低于UC患者,研究者推测这与CD患者经常使用抗生素治疗脓肿或肛瘘有关。随后的研究[9,26]也证实了抗生素的这种影响。
2.2.2 柳氮磺胺嘧啶 有研究[3-5]显示,使用过柳氮磺胺嘧啶或氨基水杨酸治疗的IBD患者H.pylori感染率较低。el-Omar等[3]提出了两个可能的机制:一方面,柳氮磺胺嘧啶的抗炎作用可以减少血浆从炎性胃黏膜中的渗出,导致H.pylori无法从中获取所需的营养物质;另一方面,它可阻断胃上皮细胞上与H.pylori结合的受体,从而干扰H.pylori对胃黏膜的黏附。然而体外实验[3]未发现柳氮磺胺嘧啶及其代谢物对H.pylori任何直接的杀菌或抑菌作用,并且一部分文献[9,25]也显示H.pylori感染率与柳氮磺胺嘧啶的使用似乎无关,对于这些矛盾的结果,尚需要更加深入的研究。
2.2.3 其他药物 除抗生素及柳氮磺胺嘧啶外,其余多种药物如皮质类固醇激素、免疫抑制剂和抗肿瘤坏死因子-α也用于IBD的治疗,现有的研究[25-26]大多显示这些药物与IBD患者的H.pylori低感染率无明显相关。
2.3 环境因素
“卫生假说”也可能解释H.pylori感染与IBD之间的负相关性[27-29]:随着生活水平的提高,包括拥有更清洁的食物和更好的卫生设施,H.pylori感染率呈现下降趋势,然而,儿童时期机体对微生物抗原的暴露减少,会导致机体免疫免疫失衡及免疫耐受缺陷,日后将更易发生某些自身免疫性疾病如IBD。
3 根除H.pylori对IBD发展的影响
在根除H.pylori感染后,有CD快速发展的例子[30]:2例患者在进行抗H.pylori治疗后的3~4个月出现了大量腹泻等症状,实验室检查中炎症相关指标升高,内镜检查则提示为CD。可能的解释是,长期的H.pylori感染打破了Th1和Th2免疫应答之间的平衡,根除H.pylori后会减少Th2型细胞因子的产生(特别是IL-4、IL-5和IL-6),并增加Th1型促炎因子,从而触发CD的发生[31]。来自日本的一项病例报告[32]报道了在根除H.pylori后UC发病的情况。此外,流行病学资料[33]显示在成功根除H.pylori感染后,H.pylori流行地区UC发病率稳步上升。所以,对于IBD患者或IBD高危人群(例如有阳性家族史),根除H.pylori需谨慎。
4 小結
综上所述,H.pylori感染与IBD之间的负相关性已被多数研究所证实,但是这种负相关性是由于H.pylori的免疫调节特性而产生的保护作用,还是药物或环境等混杂因素所造成的,仍值得探究。同时,H.pylori根治对IBD发展的影响机制尚需阐明。另外,H.pylori是其促免疫耐受特性是否可以被开发用于过敏性或自身免疫疾病如IBD的预防或治疗,也需要进一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-07 本文編辑:关 婧)