康燕 邵婷
[摘要] 目的 探討铁剂在妊娠贫血治疗中的必要性及铁蛋白在补铁治疗中的意义。 方法 选取2016年1~12月我院产检分娩的患者共423例,其中早孕期(177例)、中孕期(60例)、晚孕期(186),收集三阶段的铁蛋白、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HGB)的数据资料并分析其差异性,按HGB是否<110 g/L分为晚孕期贫血组与非贫血组,分析两组间HGB、铁蛋白的差异及晚孕期及晚孕期贫血组中HGB与铁蛋白之间的相关性,追踪孕晚期贫血患者临床并发症的发生率。 结果 早与中孕期,中与晚孕期及晚孕期贫血组及非贫血组血红蛋白水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),早孕期与中孕期、孕晚期贫血组与非贫血组铁蛋白水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);中孕期与晚孕期铁蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。晚孕期铁蛋白与HGB有相关性(P<0.05),但贫血组铁蛋白与HGB无相关性(P>0.05)。临床并发症:胎膜早破(0.95%)、妊高症(0.71%)、产褥期感染0例、产后出血(0.47%)、新生儿窒息0例、胎儿宫内生长受限(0.47%),巨大儿(0.47%),均未高出我院同时期此类并发症的发生率(12.89%、5.61%、0.023%、1.14%、1.5%、1.18%、5.41%)。 结论 妊娠贫血不容忽视,但并非每一个缺铁性贫血患者均需补铁治疗,补铁治疗需要个体化,联合铁蛋白及HGB进行补铁治疗值得推荐。
[关键词] 铁蛋白;血红蛋白;相关性;妊娠期贫血;发生率
[中图分类号] R714.25 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)03-0067-03
The necessity of iron therapy in the treatment of patients with anemia during pregnancy and the clinical value of ferritin
KANG Yan SHAO Ting
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Suzhou Municipal Hospital,Suzhou 215000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the necessity of iron in the treatment of anemia in pregnancy and the significance of ferritin in iron therapy. Methods 423 patients who underwent pregnancy check-up and were delivered in our hospital from January to December 2016 were selected, including 177 cases in the early pregnancy, 60 cases in the middle pregnancy and 186 in the late pregnancy. The data of ferritin, Hemoglobin(HGB) of three stages were collected and the difference was analyzed. According to whether the HGB was <110 g/L or not, the patients were divided into late pregnancy anemia group and non-anemia group. The differences in HGB and ferritin between the two groups as well as the association between HGB and ferritin in late pregnancy group and late pregnancy anemia group were analyzed. The incidence of clinical complications in patients with anemia in the late pregnancy was tracked. Results There was a significant difference in hemoglobin between early pregnancy group and the middle pregnancy group, between middle group and late pregnancy group, and between late pregnancy anemia group and non-anemia group(P<0.05). There was a significant difference in ferritin between early pregnancy group and the middle pregnancy group, between late pregnancy anemia group and non-anemia group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ferritin between the between middle group and late pregnancy group(P>0.05). The ferritin in late pregnancy correlated with HGB(P<0.05), but there was no correlation between ferritin and HGB in anemia group (P>0.05). The clinical complications including premature rupture of membranes(0.95%), pregnancy-induced hypertension(0.71%), puerperal infection in 0 cases, postpartum hemorrhage (0.47%), neonatal asphyxia in 0 cases, fetal intrauterine growth restriction(0.47%) and huge children(0.47%) did not exceed the incidence of such complications in our hospital in the same period(12.89%, 5.61%, 0.023%, 1.14%, 1.5%, 1.18%, 5.41%). Conclusion Anemia in pregnancy can not be ignored, but not every iron deficiency anemia patient need iron therapy. Individualized iron therapy is needed, and the combination with ferritin and HGB for iron therapy is recommended.
[Key words] Ferritin;Hemoglobin;Relevance;Anemia in pregnancy;Incidence
妊娠贫血是临床最常见的并发症,其对母儿的影响常常不易引起患者的重视,尤其对胎儿远期的影响[1,2]。临床诊断贫血多以血红蛋白(HGB)的降低为主,近几年来,铁蛋白成了临床新的补铁依据,且越来越受到临床工作者的欢迎,即便如此,贫血纠正并不及时,常达不到理想的纠正效果。但过度补铁又可能对孕产妇、尤其胎儿产生近期或远期不可逆的影响[3,4],如何正确补铁治疗显得十分关键,以期通过本文给临床工作者带来一点启示。
1资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集我院2016年1~12月我院产检、分娩的贫血孕产妇共423例,其中早孕期(孕周13±7周)177例,中孕期(孕28~32周)60例,晚孕期(≥孕32周)186例,其中晚孕期贫血患者71例,晚孕期非贫血患者115例。收集这些孕产妇铁蛋白、血红蛋白的临床数据资料,以及孕晚期贫血组患者胎膜早破、妊高症、产褥期感染、产后出血、新生儿窒息、胎儿宫内生长受限、巨大儿的发生例数。
1.2 方法
分析早孕期与中孕期,中孕期与晚孕期,晚孕期贫血组与非贫血组之间HGB、铁蛋白的差异,以及晚孕期及晚孕期贫血组中HGB与铁蛋白之间的相关性,比较孕晚期贫血患者胎膜早破、妊高症、产褥期感染、产后出血、新生儿窒息、胎儿宫内生长受限的发生率与我院同时期此类并发症的差别。
1.3 妊娠期贫血及铁蛋白缺乏诊断标准[1]
外周血血红蛋白水平<110 g/L为妊娠期贫血。其中血红蛋白水平100~109 g/L为轻度贫血,70~99 g/L为中度贫血,40~69 g/L为重度贫血,<40 g/L为极重度贫血;铁蛋白的诊断标准:<20 ng/L为铁缺乏,20~<30 ng/L提示铁耗尽的早期。
1.4 统计学方法
所有数据应用SPSS19.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,采用t检验进行两个独立样本的比较,采用直线相关分析的统计学方法分析铁蛋白及血红蛋白的相关性,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 早孕期组与中孕期组铁蛋白与HGB水平比较
随着孕周增加,早孕期组与中孕期组铁蛋白及HGB水平均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 中孕期与晚孕期铁蛋白与HGB水平比较
随着孕周增加,中孕期组与晚孕期组铁蛋白及HGB水平均下降,但两组HGB水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),铁蛋白水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
2.3 晚孕期贫血组与晚孕期非贫血组铁蛋白与HGB水平比较
晚孕期贫血组相较非贫血组铁蛋白及HGB水平均值均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 孕晚期铁蛋白与血红蛋白的相关性
在孕晚期铁蛋白及HGB水平均下降,且具有相关性(HB=0.312,P=0.000)。见图1。
2.5 孕晚期贫血组铁蛋白与血红蛋白的相关性
在孕晚期贫血组患者中铁蛋白与HGB水平虽有下降,但无相关性(P=0.245)。见图2。
2.6临床并发症
胎膜早破4例(0.95%)、妊高症3例(0.71%)、产褥期感染0例、产后出血2例(0.47%)、新生儿窒息0例、胎儿宫内生长受限2例(0.47%),巨大儿2例(0.47%)。
3 讨论
妊娠贫血在临床虽最为常见,却不易引起患者的重视,但贫血对母儿的影响不容忽视[3-6]。贫血可能造成孕妇出现妊娠期高血压、胎膜早破、贫血性心脏病、产后感染等风险;可能造成胎儿生长受限、神经系统发育异常、儿童多动症、甚至死胎等情况。但过度夸大贫血对患者及胎儿的影响[11],又会导致临床补铁过度,甚至泛滥,造成母儿不可逆的损害,加重患者经济负担,影响锌等其他微量元素的吸收,进而影响胎儿的生长发育[7-9]。妊娠贫血的病因除了胎儿需要铁增多、母体进补不足以外,也可能与血液被大量稀释有关,而这部分贫血患者红细胞及HGB在总体计数上无变化,患者大多无明显不适,因此,补铁时机及补铁剂量一直困扰着临床工作者。
本实验数据显示,中孕期患者相较早孕期患者,晚孕期患者较中孕期患者,HGB明显下降,差异有统计学意义;中孕期患者相较早孕期患者铁蛋白明显下降,且差异具有统计学意义,但晚孕期较中孕期患者,铁蛋白均值虽然下降,但差异无统计学意义见表1、表2。进一步追踪贫血患者的并发症,如胎膜早破、妊高症、产褥期感染、产后出血、新生儿窒息、胎儿宫内生长受限、巨大儿等,均未高出我院同时期此类并发症的发生率(12.89%、5.61%、0.023%、1.14%、1.5%、1.18%、5.41%),由此可见,妊娠贫血在临床中虽然最常见,但其并发症并未明显高于其他因素引起的临床并发症。可能与胎儿生长发育需要量增加有关,也可能与早孕期孕妇反应较大影响铁剂来源不足有关[10]。因此,中孕以后加强富含铁剂的食物进补十分必要,但是否常規补铁值得商榷,需综合患者的临床症状及血红蛋白的变化,而铁蛋白也可以作为参考依据。
铁减少期主要为机体内储存铁下降,临床多无贫血表现,当体内铁储存进一步减少时,才会出现血红蛋白下降[11],而铁蛋白作为体内主要的铁的储存形式,是预测骨髓铁储存量最有价值的指标,一度成为临床补铁的金标准[7]。本实验数据显示:随着孕周增加,HGB及铁蛋白在逐步下降,尤其HGB的变更为敏感(表1、表2),但铁蛋白的变化与HGB 的变化无一致性(表2);在孕晚期,随着铁蛋白减少,HGB也在降低,两者虽然表现出相关性(图1),但当患者发生贫血后,铁蛋白与HGB水平的变化无相关性(图2),与部分文献报道相符[12],因此,单纯依据铁蛋白指导补铁治疗,可能造成过度补铁,但这并不能否定铁蛋白的临床价值,建议可以两者联合指导补铁。如当铁蛋白正常或降低,HGB正常或轻度降低时,说明机体可以代偿,加强食补为主;当铁蛋白降低,HGB位于90~99 g/L,结合孕周及患者临床症状,选择是否铁剂治疗;当铁蛋白降低,HGB<90 g/L,主张铁剂治疗,任何情况下当患者有产后出血的高危因素,或出现贫血相关的临床不适,主张铁剂治疗,正规补铁临床症状未缓解时,积极寻找其他病因。
综上所述,过度宣扬贫血对母儿的危害以及补铁对母儿的有利影响显得证据不足,补铁治疗仍需适时、适量、个体化。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-22)