安徽
(作者单位:安徽省枞阳县钱桥中学)
独立主格结构一般由一个名词或主格代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构通常被称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。这一结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,一般不指同一人或同一事,独立存在,但无连词。这一结构在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,在形式上与主句没有关系,在句中起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。独立主格结构可置于句首,也可以放在句中或句尾,用逗号与主句隔开,作伴随状语时,常放在句尾。
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。如果名词或代词与其后的动词构成主谓关系,用现在分词;如果构成动宾关系且表示已完成,用过去分词。
【典例1】(填空)Much time__________ (spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.(2015年江苏卷)
答案:(having been)spent 解析:句意是:上班族在办公桌前坐得太久,一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知,分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致,应用独立主格结构。spend与分词的逻辑主语“Much time”之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且动作已完成,故用过去分词spent。此外,spend所表示的动作对现在造成影响,应用现在分词的完成式,并表示被动关系,因此此空还可填现在分词完成式的被动形式having been spent。
【典例2】(填空)The party will be held in the garden,weather_________(permit).
答案:permitting 解析:句意是:如果天气允许的话,聚会将在花园里举行。根据句子结构判断,此处为独立主格结构;weather与permit之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词。故此空填permitting。
【注意】如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或对现在造成影响,应用现在分词的完成式。
如果名词或代词与其后的动词构成主谓关系且是尚未发生的动作,应用不定式。
【典例3】(填空)I send you 100 dollars today, the rest__________(follow)in a year.
答案:to follow 解析:根据句子结构判断,此处为独立主格结构。句中“in a year”是表示将来的时间状语,所以用不定式表示将要发生的动作。故此空填to follow。
【典例4】(改错) I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart was full of worry.
答案:删去was或在my前加so 解析:句意是:我听说她在事故中受伤了,所以我心里充满了忧虑。根据句法,句中只有一个连词that,只能连接两个谓语动词,因此was只能用非谓语形式,being在句中不表示原因,应删去,所以删去was。根据句法,句中有三个谓语动词,应有两个连词;根据句意,前后句之间构成因果关系,所以也可在my前加并列连词so。
【典例5】(改错)The meal was over, the managers went back to the meeting room to carry on their discussion.
答案:删去was 解析:句意是:吃完饭后,经理们回到会议室继续他们的讨论。根据句法,句中没有连词,was只能用非谓语形式,being在句中不表示原因,应删去,所以删去was。
在这一结构中,如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词,这些名词前一般不用冠词。
【典例6】(改错)The teacher came into the classroom,a book in hand.
答案:删去a 解析:句意是:老师手里拿着一本书走进教室。句中含有“名词+介词短语”这一结构,如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词,这些名词前习惯不用冠词。故删去a。
【注意】独立主格结构中,名词或代词后接不定式、现在分词还是过去分词,要从逻辑关系与时间上来判断。有些独立主格结构中没有分词,仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组,省去的分词一般是being或having been,这是为了简练起见。但如果分词“being+过去分词”用来表示原因或在“there being+过去分词”结构中,being不可省略。
(Ⅰ)有些分词(短语)可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:given(考虑到,鉴于);generally speaking(一般来说);frankly speaking(坦白来说);judging from/by(由……判断 );talking of(谈到);considering(考虑到,因为是);putting it mildly(说得客气一点)等。这些插入语用来修饰全句,表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成分。
【典例7】(改错)Giving the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
答案:Giving改为Given 解析:句意是:鉴于他的健康状况,他可能需要一段时间才能从手术中恢复过来。given表示“考虑到,鉴于”,在句中作插入语,用来修饰全句,表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成分。故把Giving改为Given。
(Ⅱ)有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to tell the truth(说实话);to be short(简单地);to begin with(首先);to be sure(自然,当然,果然);to be honest/frank(老实说/坦白说);to make things worse(更糟糕的是);to make a long story short(长话短说);to speak of(值得一提的是);to be fair(公平地说);to sum up(概括地说)等。
【典例8】(填空)__________ (说实话), the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.
答案:To be honest 解析:句意是:说实话,这份工作的薪水不是很诱人,虽然工作本身很有趣。根据句意,本句陈述一种事实,所以此空填“To be honest”,作插入语。
with复合结构是“with+名词/代词+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”,在句子中可以充当伴随、方式、原因、结果状语或定语。
强调此结构中的名词或代词是现在分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。
【典例9】(填空) The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog_________ (follow)them.
答案:following 解析:句意是:这对老夫妇经常饭后在公园里散步, 他们的宠物狗跟着他们。根据句子结构判断,此处为with复合结构。their pet dog与follow之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词。故此空填following。
用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。
【典例10】(填空) Not having received a replying e-mail,he had to stay up late at night with his eyes________ (fix)the computer screen.
答案:fixed 解析:句意是:没有收到回复邮件,他晚上不得不熬夜,眼睛盯着电脑屏幕。句中fix与“his eyes”之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以空格处用过去分词表示被动,即用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”这一复合结构。故此空填fixed。
【典例11】(填空)With all the homework he was given_________(finish), he gladly went to bed for a good sleep.
答案:finished 解析:由于给他的作业都做完了,他高兴地上床睡了一个好觉。此句根据语法分析,此处“with+宾语+分词”作原因状语。“he was given”是定语从句,修饰其前的先行词“homework”,句中省略了关系代词that。finish与homework之间构成被动关系,所以用过去分词。故此空填finished。
用不定式表示将要发生的动作。
【典例12】(填空) With some books badly needed__________(buy), she hurried to the bookstore.
答案:to buy 解析:句意是:有一些书急需要买,她急匆匆地去了书店。句中needed是过去分词作后置定语;根据语境与句意可知书还没有买,所以用不定式表示将要发生的动作,即用“with +名词+不定式”复合结构。故此空填to buy。
强调名词的特性或状态。
【典例13】(填空)You have no idea how she finished the relay race_________ her foot wounded so much.
答案:with 解析:句意是:因为她的脚受了如此重的伤,你不知道她是怎么完成接力赛的。根据句子结构与句意可知,此处用“with+名词+形容词”这一结构来表示原因。故此空填with。
【典例14】(填空)__________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
答案:With 解析:根据句子结构与句意可知,此句用“with +名词+副词”这一独立主格结构,表示“随着”。而as表示“随着”,后应接句子,即:As production has been up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.故此空填With。
【典例15】(填空)Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68℃________ the average.(2015年重庆卷)
答案:above 解析:句意是:去年是有纪录以来最热的一年,全球平均气温上升0.68度。句中with后接 “global temperature”作宾语,介词短语“above the average”作宾语补足语;根据句意,此空填above,表示“(程度)超过”。
【注意】as表示“随着……”,用来引导时间状语从句,后接从句,相当于with引导的独立结构,但with是介词,其后不能接句子。
【典例16】(填空)_________ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.(2016年天津卷)
答案:As 解析:句意是:随着人口平均年龄的增长,越来越多的老人需要照顾。此句是状语从句,根据句意,表示“随着”,所以此空填As。
with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语用时,一般可相互转换,可变为状语从句或并列句。
(1)作时间状语
With the average age of the population increasing, there are more and more old people to care for.
= The average age of the population increasing, there are more and more old people to care for.(独立主格结构)
=As the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.(时间状语从句)
(2)作原因状语
With the key lost, she could not enter the room.
=The key lost, she could not enter the room.(独立主格结构)
=As/Because the key had been lost, she could not enter the room.(原因状语从句)
(3)作条件状语
With weather permitting, we’ll go for a picnic this weekend.
= Weather permitting, we’ll go for a picnic this weekend.(独立主格结构)
= If weather permits, we’ll go for a picnic this weekend.(条件状语从句)
with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语用时,可变为并列句,作伴随状语。
①Here are the first three volumes with the fourth one to come out next month.
= Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.(独立主格结构)
= Here are the first three volumes and the fourth one is coming out next month.(and引导的并列句)
②The boy stood there silently with his eyes fixed upon the red apple.
= The boy stood there silently, his eyes fixed upon the red apple.(独立主格结构)
= The boy stood there silently and his eyes were fixed upon the red apple.(and引导的并列句)
with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词,可变为定语从句;而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。
The house with its roof damaged has now been repaired.
= The house, whose roof was damaged, has now been repaired.(whose引导的定语从句)
= The house, the roof of which was damaged, has now been repaired.(“the+名词+of which”引导的定语从句)
= The house, of which the roof was damaged, has now been repaired.(“of which the+名词”引导的定语从句)