江西
(作者单位:江西省丰城中学)
语法填空是近年来高考英语试卷中出现的一种新题型。该题型能全面地考查考生的英语综合运用能力,更能科学地反映考生的英语综合水平。本题型主要有两种情形:一种是有提示词,另一种是无提示词。本文现结合近几年的高考英语试题就语法填空的考点和解题技巧进行分析和归纳,以飨读者。
此类题型可以考查考生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种:一种是单词的形、数、式的变化,另一种是单词的派生变化。在判断出单词的变化之后还应该进一步审题,看是否需要使用复合的变化形式,这一点是很重要的。
考点一、名词
名词的形式变化主要有单复数、所有格的变化。
【考例1】...has had some unintended side 62 (effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为effects。考查名词单复数。分析语境可知,此处表达的意思是“一些不为人知的副作用”,根据前文的some可知effect应用复数形式。故答案填effects。
【考例2】The nursery team switches him every few 69(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed...(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为days。考查名词单复数。根据空格前的few可知应用名词的复数形式。故答案填days。
【考例3】...are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 (painting).(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为paintings。 考查名词单复数。句意:……在如此多的中国绘画中。根据空格前的many可知,painting为可数名词,应用复数形式。故答案填paintings。
【考例4】There are many students living at school, for the______ (child) houses are all far from school.
【解析】答案为children’s。考查名词单复数和所有格。由students一词可以判断出空格处应用复数,又因作houses的定语,故应用其所有格,即child用其复数的所有格形式。故答案填children’s。
考点二、动词
动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及主谓一致。
【考例1】When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为are removed。考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意:当脂肪和盐分从食物中被去掉,食物尝起来似乎缺少了什么。remove是及物动词,与fat and salt有逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用被动语态形式。又因为后面的tastes用了一般现在时,故答案填are removed。
【考例2】They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为to process。考查动词不定式。句意:他们被要求加工我们吃的食物……require sb.to do sth.表示“要求某人做某事”,被动形式为sb.be required to do sth.意为“某人被要求做某事”。故答案填to process。
【考例3】...by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为eating。考查动名词。句意:通过吃更多的快餐,人们将在饮食中摄入超过需求量的脂肪和盐分。by是介词,后接动词-ing形式。故答案填eating。
【考例4】Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; ...(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为is。考查主谓一致。句意:快餐食物中充满脂肪和盐分。fast food的意思是“快餐”,表示一类食物,为不可数名词,谓语动词应用单数形式。故答案填is。
【考例5】It was raining lightly when I 61 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为arrived。考查动词时态。句意:就在天亮之前我到了阳朔,那时天下着小雨。根据前句时态可知,需用一般过去时。故答案填arrived。
【考例6】A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为conducted。考查过去分词。句意:一项网站所进行的调查将阳朔称作世界十大旅游目的地之一。空格处应用过去分词作后置定语,表示被动关系。故答案填conducted。
【考例7】...for people 70 (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为living。考查现在分词。句意:……住在上海和香港的人们。空格处应用现在分词作后置定语。故答案填living。
考点三、代词
代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类,即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)和反身代词。另外,还有一些不定代词的形式变化,如no one/none, other/another等。
【考例1】On my recent visit, I held a lively three-monthold twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为its。考查代词的用法。根据空格后的名词及前文中的a lively three-month-old twin可知,应用形容词性物主代词。故答案填its。
【考例2】...I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 63(it) choking smog.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为its。考查代词的用法。句意:带着窒息的烟雾。此空格后为名词,应用形容词性物主代词its。故答案填its。
【考例3】A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!It’s 69 (I).”(2014全国卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案为me / mine。考查代词的用法。空格处作表语,应有宾格代词或名词性物主代词。故答案填me /mine。
【考例4】The king decided to see the painter by (he).
【解析】答案为himself。考查代词的用法。由介词by可以看出,此处应用反身代词himself。故答案填himself。
考点四、形容词和副词
英语中大部分形容词和副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式,可以通过加后缀-er和-est或在词前加more /less和most / least构成,且形容词的最高级前还要加the。
【考例1】Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为worse。考查副词的比较级。句意:更糟糕的是,人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。根据前面的even可知,所填的词要用bad的比较级形式。故答案填worse。
【考例2】But I didn’t care.A few hours 62 , I’d been at home in Hong Kong, ...(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为before / earlier。考查副词的用法。由语境可知,几个小时之前我还在香港的家中,所以before /earlier符合句意。故答案填before / earlier。
【考例3】Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 66 (clean) than ever.(2014全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为cleaner。考查形容词的比较级。句意:现在河里面的水比以往更干净。根据than ever可知,应用形容词的比较级形式。故答案填cleaner。
【考例4】It was only one day left, ____, his father had no idea to answer him.
【解析】答案为however。考查副词的用法。观察上下句,可以看出是转折关系,且空格前后用逗号隔开。故答案填however。
考点五、词性转换
词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的,派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词类中。这种题型还有可能检测考生对词根、前后缀和派生词的掌握程度。
【考例1】However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为careful。考查词性转换。句意:然而,注意不要走极端。be是连系动词,后面要接形容词作表语,care的形容词是careful。故答案填careful。
【考例2】The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为officially。考查词性转换。空格处修饰动词,应用其副词形式。故答案填officially。
【考例3】Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 68 (develop) of chopsticks.(2016全国卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案为development。考查词性转换。空格处使用的“the + 名词 + of ”结构,意为“……的……”,这里指“筷子的发展”。故答案填development。
【考例4】Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69 (regular) arranges quick getaways here...(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为regularly。考查词性转换。句意:……定期为人们安排这里适合旅行的地方。此处修饰动词,应用其副词形式。故答案填regularly。
【考例5】Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very____ (happiness).
【解析】答案为unhappy。考查词性转换。在此题中,学生很容易判断出该用形容词,由此可知将happiness变成happy;而钱包丢了,人应该是不开心的,所以需要再加前缀un-,变成否定形式。故答案填unhappy。
此类题型主要考查虚词,如冠词、介词、连词和从句引导词等。该题型尽管难度较大,但也是有方法可循的。
考点六、冠词
冠词考查a,an,the之间的区分,以及冠词的固定搭配。
【考例1】As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为a。考查冠词的用法。句意:结果,人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。as a result为固定短语,表示“结果”。故答案填a。
【考例2】...while one is being bottle-fed, 70 other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为the。考查冠词的用法。由前文中的关键词one可知,这里考查one ...the other ...(一个……另一个……)的用法。故答案填the。
【考例3】Now, years later, this river is one of 63 most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为the。此题考查形容词最高级的表达形式,最高级前用the。故答案填the。
【考例4】Jackie likes to drive at ____ high speed.
【解析】答案为a。此题考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法,at a high speed意为“以高速(开车)”。故答案填a。
考点七、介词
常用的介词有in,on,at,before,during等,通常考查介词的固定搭配。
【考例1】This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) 61 a method of fighting heart disease, ...(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为as。考查介词的用法。句意:这一趋势最初始于医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的方法。as是介词,表示“作为,以……的身份”。故答案填as。
【考例2】But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ...(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为to。考查介词的用法。go back to为固定短语,意思是“回到,追溯到”。故答案填to。
【考例3】For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away 66 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为by。考查介词的用法。句意:……乘汽车只需要1个小时的路程……乘坐交通工具使用介词“by”。故答案填by。
【考例4】I got a place next 64 the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014全国卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案为to。考查介词的用法。句意:我找到一个靠近窗户的地方,所以我清楚地看见人行道的景象。next to的意思是“贴近,靠近”。故答案填to。
考点八、连词
常用的连词有and,but,or,so,for,while等,常用的关联短语有both ...and,either ...or,neither ...nor,not only ...but also等。
【考例1】In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 61 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.(2016全国卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案为and。考查连词的用法。此处列举了一些亚洲国家的名字,是并列关系,所以在最后两个名词之间应用and来连接。故答案填and。
【考例2】But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 64 even a few months.(2014全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为or。考查连词的用法。句意:但这条河在几天甚至几个月都没有改变。连词or表选择。故答案填or。
【考例3】Little Wang Jun could not go to school, ____his family was too poor.
【解析】答案为for。考查连词的用法。此处表示原因,引导的分句其实是一种解释说明,不是必然的因果关系,且前面有逗号隔开,所以用for。故答案填for。
【考例4】______ Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.
【解析】答案为Both。考查连词的用法。空格处的词与后面可以构成both ...and ...的结构。故答案填Both。
考点九、从句引导词
主从复合句是此题型考查最为常见的一个方向,主要检测考生对主从复合句中引导词的掌握程度。
【考例1】Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.(2017全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为which。考查定语从句。句意:……很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐分,那对健康没有好处。通过分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语,代替前面整个主句的内容。故答案填which。
【考例2】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter ...(2016全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为when。考查定语从句。通过分析句子结构可知,空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句,且从句中缺少状语,先行词表时间。故答案填when。
【考例3】Over time, 65 the population grew,people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016全国卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案为as。考查时间状语从句。句意:随着人口的增长,人们把食物切成小块,这样可以煮得快一点。as用作连词,表示“随着”的意思,引导时间状语从句。故答案填as。
【考例4】I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 are pictured by artists ...(2015全国卷Ⅰ)
【解析】答案为that / which。考查定语从句。句意:漓江被许多艺术家所绘画。由句子结构不难判断这是一个定语从句,先行词为the limestone mountain tops and dark waters,且从句中缺少主语,所以用关系代词。故答案填that / which。
【考例5】...the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 70 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全国卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案为how。考查宾语从句。根据句意可知,应用how修饰形容词thick,引导宾语从句。故答案填how。
考点十、固定短语
根据句中空格前后及整句来判断其前后是否构成一个固定短语,但有时要对空格前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
【考例1】Truly elegant chopsticks might 62 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016全国卷Ⅲ)
【解析】答案为be made。考查固定短语。句意:精美的筷子可能是由金银制成的。be made of是一固定短语,意为“由……制成”。故答案填be made。
【考例2】...67 the same time, they warm up again for the night.(2015全国卷Ⅱ)
【解析】答案为at。考查固定短语。at the same time是固定词组,意为“同时”。故答案填at。
【考例3】The children were playing on the ground,enjoying ____, dirty but happy.
【解析】答案为themselves。考查固定短语。根据从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的,所以应用enjoy oneself这一固定短语意为“过得愉快”。故答案填themselves。
【考例4】Mrs.Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take ____ of her.
【解析】答案为care。考查固定短语。句意:Baker夫人生病了,因此她女儿不得不请假照顾她。take care of是固定短语,意为“照顾”。故答案填care。
上述十条技巧概括了此题型的多数考查方向,在高考备考中能起到很好的加强作用,真正做到事半功倍,从而能较大幅度地提高考生在此题型上的得分率。
【强化训练】阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A Chinese chain of self-service convenience stores 61(power) by artificial intelligence, Bingobox, 62 (raise) more than RMB 100 million (US$ 14.7 million) in its first round of funding.With innovative(创新的)technologies, the stores aim to reduce staffing costs and are expanding in big cities across China.
To gain access to the stores, customers scan a QR code.Once inside the 51 sqft (4.7 sqm) store, shoppers can choose 63 products ranging from umbrellas to Sushi lunchboxes.When they are ready to check out, they take the items to an automated checkout counter and pay 64 (use) a digital wallet app on their smartphones.As 65 anti-theft measure, all shoppers must pass a full-body scan before the doors will open to let them leave.
While each store is unmanned, a customer support line is 66 (availably) via video link.Each Bingobox store is mobile,67 the franchise(特许权)owner can put it where they like.A staff member 68 (need) for stock-taking and refilling,69 the startup claims can be done in just 20 minutes.Auchan is helping handle store inventory(存贷清单).
“We’ve created a deep-learning team to study itemrecognition technologies and algorithms,”says Bingobox co-founder Chen Zilin.“By optimizing(使最优化)the algorithms and holding numerous training 70 (session), we have the scanner recognizing more than 200 products.”
Bingobox plans to use the raised funds to open 5 000 stores this year across China.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国一家自动便利连锁店——缤果盒子——募集资金创办和经营超市的过程。
61.powered。考查非谓语动词。store与power之间为被动关系,且由本句中的by可知,空格处用动词的过去分词作后置定语。故答案填powered。
62.has raised。考查动词时态。根据句意可知,空格处应用现在完成时。故答案填has raised。
63.from。考查介词。choose from为一固定搭配,意为“从……中选择”。故答案填from。
64.using。考查非谓语动词。空格处用现在分词表示“付款”的方式。故答案填using。
65.an。考查冠词。此处表示一种防盗措施,应用不定冠词,且其后的anti-theft一词为元音音素开头,所以用不定冠词an。故答案填an。
66.available。考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知,be后面应用形容词作表语,副词availably的形容词形式为available。故答案填available。
67.so。考查连词。根据语境可知,此句为因果关系,应用并列连词so。故答案填so。
68.is needed。考查被动语态。根据语境可知,此处应用被动结构。故答案填is needed。
69.which。考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此句是非限制性定语从句,先行词为stock-taking and refilling,且在从句中作主语,所以要用关系代词。故答案填which。
70.sessions。考查名词的单复数。由本句中的numerous可知,此处需用session的复数形式。故答案填sessions。