段桦 综述 崔慧娟 审校
·综 述·
EGFR-TKI治疗S768I突变非小细胞肺癌的研究进展*
段桦①②综述 崔慧娟①审校
肺癌是死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤之一,近年来非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗进展迅速,尤其是表皮生长因子受体络氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)的问世,使得携带EGFR基因敏感突变患者的中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)达到27.7个月,但部分不常见的EGFR突变对TKI的应答效果尚不十分明确。S768I突变是EGFR20外显子携带的不常见突变之一,发生率为1%~2%。本文对不同代EGFR-TKI治疗S768I单一或复合突变的研究进行综述,旨在为临床决策提供思路。
EGFR-TKI20外显子 S768I突变 治疗进展
根据2012年全球肿瘤流行病统计数据(Globocan 2012)统计[1],2012年全球新发和死亡癌症患者分别为1 410万、820万例,其中肺癌患者分别为124万、109万例,并且无论是发达国家或欠发达国家,肺癌均为男性死亡的主要原因。2015年来自中国的数据同样表明肺癌是癌症死亡的主要原因[2]。肺癌按照病理类型可以分为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)。近年来,NSCLC治疗进展迅速,尤其是分子靶向药物的应用使其疗效大幅提高,其中表皮生长因子受体络氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)为代表性药物。欧洲和北美国家约10%~20%的NSCLC患者携带EGFR突变,东亚国家的发生率更高,达到50%~60%[3-4]。表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)敏感突变包括19外显子缺失突变和21外显子L858R错义突变。有研究显示[5],携带EGFR敏感突变的NSCLC患者接受吉非替尼一线治疗后中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)达到27.7个月。EGFR不敏感突变主要包括G719X、S768I、L861Q和20外显子插入[6],据统计发生率为4%~13%[7]。2015年LUX-LUNG系列研究发现[8],8例携带S768I突变的患者服用二代络氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)阿法替尼后均达到部分缓解(partial remission,PR),再次引起学术界对S768I突变的关注。
EGFR20外显子的氨基酸位点为762~823,插入突变的发生人群与经典EGFR突变类似,以女性、非吸烟者、腺癌者多见,约占所有EGFR突变的5%[9],点突变主要包括T790M突变和S768I突变,其中S768I突变的发生率仅为1%~2%[10-11]。S768I在基因序列上,第768号密码子由疏水的异亮氨酸代替亲水的丝氨酸,因异亮氨酸的空间阻力比丝氨酸大,从而使得周围临近结构发生改变,且S768I突变还会影响S768与N700及Y764之间的氢键作用,导致间距增加,从而使TKI对EGFR的亲和力部分改变,造成疗效的差异[12]。从2006年开始,陆续有EGFR-TKI治疗S768I突变的个案报道和临床研究,但治疗效果存在差异,目前尚无明确结论。本文从第一、二、三代TKI治疗S768I突变的角度对临床研究进行综述,旨在对临床决策有所启迪。
EGFR-TKI对于敏感突变人群客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)高达70%~80%,一线无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)可达9~14个月[13]。但对于S768I突变,目前的研究结果并不一致。Pallan 等[14]、Weber等[15]、Lund-Iversen 等[16]和Leventakos等[17]分别报道1例或2例携带单一S768I突变的病例,服用厄洛替尼或吉非替尼后均疾病进展(progression of disease,PD),部分患者甚至死亡,提示S768I突变对一代TKI不敏感。2017年Longo等[18]报道1例初发L858R突变后继发S768I突变的病例,该患者一线口服吉非替尼有效,当出现PD时继续服用吉非替尼则无效,说明S768I突变对吉非替尼应答差,并由此推测S768I突变可能是肺腺癌EGFR耐药的新机制。以上研究均说明一代TKI对S768I突变敏感性差,并且多为原发耐药。但同时有研究显示出良好的应答效果,如2010年Masago等[19]报道1例S768I突变对一代TKI应答良好的病例,该患者二线口服吉非替尼评效PR,截止报道日期PFS为461 d,已经接近敏感突变,说明S768I突变对一代TKI可能存在一定敏感性。另一项报道[20]也表达类似观点,1例分别于2001年和2003年行肺部病灶切除的患者,两次病理均为单一S768I突变,2005年肺部出现新转移病灶,未重新检测病理的情况下口服厄洛替尼并取得疗效,2013年病情再次出现进展后行肺部病灶切除,基因检测示S768I和T790M突变,因为T790M为最常见的一代TKI耐药突变,说明厄洛替尼取得疗效是因为选择性抑制S768I的结果。另外两项研究中,患者PFS分别达到8.6[21]、8.8个月[22],接近敏感突变,Zhang等[23]报道1例患者获得31个月PFS,远超敏感突变。另外,FASTACT-2研究中1例患者服用厄洛替尼后生存期达到近5年[24]。可见一代TKI对S768I突变可以取得良好的治疗效果,并且维持时间较长。另外,Chiu等[25]研究共纳入6例携带S768I单一突变的患者,分别口服吉非替尼或厄洛替尼,结果2例出现PD,该研究说明S768I突变对一代TKI治疗效果存在不稳定性。
上述研究共涉及18例携带单一突变的患者,服用一代TKI后评效PR或疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)的患者为10例,PD为8例,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为55.56%,说明S768I突变对于一代TKI具有一定敏感性,但是整体疾病缓解率仍低于敏感突变,说明S768I较敏感突变对一代TKI应答差。
1.2.1 合并19、21外显子敏感突变 S768I为不敏感突变,当与敏感突变合并时是否影响TKI疗效值得研究,部分研究者进行了临床观察,Yang等[26]、Wu等[27]、Leventakos等[17]、Beau-Faller等[28]均观察1 例 S768I+L858R突变的患者,服用吉非替尼或厄洛替尼后均评效为PR或SD。Zhu等[22]观察2例患者,1例S768I+L858R患者为SD,但1例S768I+19DEL患者为PD。
以上6例合并敏感突变患者中5例有效,ORR为50%~66.7%,DCR达到83.3%,与敏感突变相近,说明S768I突变不影响敏感突变的应答效果。
另外,Zhang等[23]的研究发现11例携带S768I突变患者(4例单一突变,5例为S768I+G719X,2例为S768I+L858R)口服一代TKI药物后,DCR达到90.0%,ORR达到27.3%,mPFS为8.0个月。Cheng等[21]收集10例携带S768I突变的病例(单一突变3例,合并19DEL突变3例,合并L858R突变4例),结果发现2例PR,5例SD,3例PD,ORR为20%,DCR为70%,mPFS为2.7个月,以上两项研究均纳入单一S768I突变的患者,所以ORR和PFS均低于敏感突变,进一步说明S768I突变对一代TKI的应答较差。
1.2.2 合并18外显子突变 S768I突变除了联合敏感突变外,也常和其他突变同时出现,并且发生双突变的概率较单突变的概率高,文献报道常与G719、E709、T790M、L861R位点突变联合[29],G719突变位于EGFR18外显子,主要包括G719A、G719X、G719S突变,约占97%[30]。Svaton 等[31]和Lund-Iversen等[16]均报道1例携带S768I+G719X突变的患者,服用吉非替尼后病灶缩小,PFS分别达到8、14个月。Chiu等[25]研究中发现5例携带该突变的患者同样评效为PR。Kobayashi等[32]、Leventakos等[17]、Zhu 等[22]均观察2例携带S768I+G719突变的患者,均达到PR。但是并非多数研究均为阳性结果,Wu等[27]研究发现1例携带S768I+G719A的患者服药5周后即迅速病情进展。既往研究表明[30,33],单一G719突变对一代TKI的ORR达到35%~40%,低于敏感突变,但上述合并G719突变病例共12例,仅1例PD,ORR高达92.8%,甚至高于敏感突变,说明S768I突变与G719突变合并对一代TKI的应答效果好,可能与二者相互作用有关,但目前尚缺乏深入的机制研究。
1.2.3 合并其他不常见突变 2006年Asahina等[34]报道1例S768I+V769L双突变的患者,该患者一线口服吉非替尼6周后PD,后改为双药化疗PR,因为目前尚缺乏V769L突变的体内研究数据,说明S768I突变对吉非替尼为原发耐药。Cheng等[35]研究中1例携带S768I+G724S突变的患者,二线服用厄洛替尼后SD,PFS达到24.2个月。G724突变是EGFR致癌突变,有研究表明其与经典的肺癌EGFR突变不同,其对西妥昔单抗敏感,但对小分子激酶抑制剂不敏感[36],说明厄洛替尼通过选择性抑制S768I发挥疗效。Klughammer等[24]研究发现 TRUST 研究中 1例携带S768I+V774M的亚裔女性生存期达到1 106 d。V774M突变为乳腺癌中可能合并的致癌基因,肺癌中并不常见[37]。以上研究S768I合并的突变与TKI疗效不确切,即TKI主要是作用于S768I突变,但应答效果不一致。
由Yang等[8]研究的LUX-LUNG引起广泛关注,该研究中仅1例单一突变患者,服用阿法替尼后有效。Heigener等[20]和Yang等[38]研究中同样仅1例携带单一S768I突变,均评效SD。Kobayashi等[39]报道1例携带S768I突变的肺癌患者,因腹膜转移引起肠梗阻,阿法替尼作为11线治疗后症状消失,复查CT肿块减小,随访1年未复发。Russo等[40]报道1例S768I继发T790M突变的个案,该患者一线阿法替尼治疗同样有效,但3个月后迅速发生耐药,并于循环DNA中查到T790M突变,但具体机制尚不明确。上述共5例单一突变患者,均治疗有效,DCR高达100%,甚至高于一代TKI,说明S768I突变可能对二代TKI更敏感,缺点是样本量较小,亟需后续研究证实。
经典的LUX-LUNG研究[8]除1例单一突变,2例S768I+L858R突变患者同样获得PR。Zhu等[22]研究中,1例患者携带S768I合并L858R突变,服用阿法替尼后,评效SD。以上3例患者的ORR为67%,DCR达到100%,说明S768I对二代TKI应答良好,同时不影响敏感突变的应答。
2016年Tanizaki等[41]报道1例S768I+G719C突变以及KRAS基因E49K突变的患者,经阿法替尼治疗后血清肿标明显下降,复查PET-CT显示骨转移灶明显缩小。上述LUX-LUNG研究有5例携带S768I+G719X突变的患者,均评效为PR,上述6例患者ORR、DCR达到100%。说明S768I合并G719突变对二代TKI也有很好的敏感性。
第三代TKI是治疗T790M突变的药物,目前针对S768I突变的研究仅限于体外实验,2016年Tanizaki等[41]开展了细胞实验,2组Ba/F3细胞分别表达L858R和S768I突变,均给予7种不同的EGFRTKI(2种一代TKI,3种二代TKI,2种三代TKI),通过观察药物的IC50及IC50比值(L858R/S768I)判定疗效,结果发现表达S768I和L858R突变的细胞组对于阿法替尼治疗的IC50分别为0.82和0.25,结果相近并远小于第一、三代TKI,说明S768I突变对阿法替尼最敏感,并且敏感性等同于L858R突变,但是对一代TKI(厄洛替尼、吉非替尼)、三代TKI(奥希替尼)均不敏感。同年Banno等[42]开展了类似的实验,3组Ba/F3细胞分别表达L861Q、S768I和L858R突变,均给予第一、二、三代TKI(厄洛替尼、阿法替尼、奥希替尼),结果提示S768I突变对二代(阿法替尼)敏感,对一代(厄洛替尼)和三代(奥希替尼)均不敏感。
此外,仅针对第一、二代TKI也有部分体外研究,早期实验[43]结果发现表达S768I突变的细胞与野生型细胞相比,对吉非替尼的耐药现象更明显。2009年Kancha等[44]利用Ba/F3细胞进行药敏实验,发现S768I突变对吉非替尼和厄洛替尼不敏感,均表明S768I突变对一代TKI敏感性差。此外,Kobayashi等[11]实验再次证实与一代TKI相比,S768I对阿法替尼最敏感。
S768I突变属于EGFR20外显子不常见突变之一,从上述的研究来看,单一S768I突变对于二代TKI的应答效果优于第一、三代,提示临床可以首选以阿法替尼为代表的二代药物。同时S768I突变常与其他突变同时存在,在DCR方面,复合复变优于单一突变,并且当S768I突变与敏感突变同时出现时,并不影响敏感突变的应答率,这与既往研究[28,45]相符,但具体机制尚不明确,可能与突变基因的相互作用有关。值得注意的是,当S768I突变与G719突变同时出现时,第一、二代TKI均可以取得良好的DCR,阿法替尼的皮疹发生率和程度比一代TKI重,所以为避免不可耐受的皮肤不良反应,临床可以推荐同时携带S768I和G719突变的患者选用一代TKI。鉴于目前尚无EGFR-TKI治疗S768I突变的大样本临床研究,同时本综述的样本量较小,后续亟需开展大样本量的前瞻性或回顾性研究,进一步明确EGFR-TKI对S768I突变的治疗效果以及明确不同突变之间的作用机制。
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Progress on EGFR-TKI in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with S768I mutation
Hua DUAN1,2,Huijuan CUI1
1Department of Oncology of Integrative Medicine,China-Japan Friendship Hospital,Beijing 100029,China;2Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China
Huijuan CUI;E-mail:cuihj1963@sina.com
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high mortality rates.In recent years,considerable progress on the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has been achieved.Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)improves the median progression free survival of patients with sensitive mutations to 27.7 months.However,the therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKI on uncommon mutations remains unknown.S768I mutation is an insensitive mutation in the EGFR20 exon,and its incidence rate ranges from 1%to 2%.In this review,the effect of different generation EGFR-TKI on single or complex S768I mutation during treatment is discussed.
epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,exon,S768I mutation,advances
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.22.824
①中日友好医院中西医结合肿瘤内科(北京市100029);②北京中医药大学
*本文课题受北京市科委首都特色应用研究项目(编号:Z151100004015168)资助
崔慧娟 cuihj1963@sina.com
This work was supported by the Capital Application Research of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.Z151100004015168)
(2017-07-20收稿)
(2017-09-08修回)
(编辑:孙喜佳 校对:郑莉)
段桦 专业方向为中西医结合治疗肺癌。
E-mail:duanhua1992@bucm.edu.cn